The Antecedents and Consequences of Brand Image: Based on Keller’s Customer-Based Brand Equity

Abstract

The phase, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, hydrophobicity, and interface contact resistance of three typical Ni-based alloys (Hastelloy B, Hastelloy C-276, and Monel 400) and 304 stainless steels were experimentally studied to evaluate their service performances as bipolar plate materials of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. All four alloys exhibit single-phase face-centered cubic structure, high strength, good ductility, and high hardness. Hastelloy C-276 has the best ductility with an uniform elongation of 72.5% and highest hardness of 363.7 HV. Hastelloy B has the highest ultimate tensile strength of 913.6 MPa. The hydrophobicity of all four alloys is not good, although Monel 400 has the highest water contact angle of 84.2°. Hastelloy B, Hastelloy C-276, and 304 stainless steel exhibit unsatisfying corrosion resistance in a simulated acidic work environment of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (0.5 M H₂SO₄+2 ppm HF, 80 °C, H₂) and high interface contact resistance. By contrast, Monel 400 demonstrates excellent corrosion resistance with a corrosion current density of 5.9 × 10^-7 A cm^-2 and a low interface contact resistance of 7.2 mΩ cm² at 140 N/cm². In terms of comprehensive performance, Monel 400 is the best uncoated material for the bipolar plates of proton exchange membrane fuel cells among typical Ni-based alloys.