Responsiveness–to–Intervention: Definitions, Evidence, and Implications for the Learning Disabilities Construct

Abstract

Longstanding concern about how learning disabilities (LD) are defined and identified, coupled with recent efforts in Washington, DC to eliminate IQ–achievement discrepancy as an LD marker, have led to serious public discussion about alternative identification methods. The most popular of the alternatives is responsiveness–to–intervention (RTI), of which there are two basic versions: the “problem–solving” model and the “standard–protocol” approach. The authors describe both types, review empirical evidence bearing on their effectiveness and feasibility, and conclude that more needs to be understood before RTI may be viewed as a valid means of identifying students with LD.