Biopolymer-based edible films and coatings: toward eco-friendly and safe food packaging

Abstract

Abstract The rising demand for eco-friendly food packaging has highlighted edible films and coatings as key tools for extending shelf life and ensuring food safety. This review focuses on biopolymer-based coatings and films, emphasising polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and composites in preserving food freshness and quality. Natural additives, such as vegetable extracts and essential oils, have been shown to prolong the shelf life of fruits and vegetables by over 2 weeks and inhibit microbial growth in perishable foods. Application methods like dipping, spraying, and extrusion influence the efficiency of product preservation. With over one billion tons of food wasted annually and nearly 79% of plastic ending up in landfills, sustainable alternatives are urgent. Edible packaging offers a green solution, but challenges remain in mechanical strength, industrial scalability, and consumer acceptance. Addressing these will enable the transition from research to large-scale, sustainable applications, supporting environmental protection and global food security.