Enhancement of Tofu Isoflavone Recovery by Pretreatment of Soy Milk with Koji Enzyme Extract

Abstract

Isoflavones are novel nutraceutical constituents of soybeans, but considerable amounts are lost in the whey during conventional tofu manufacturing. In this study, in a small-scale process, 2 mL of koji enzyme extract (soybean koji/deionized water, 1/3, w/v) was combined with 600 mL of soy milk, and 30 mL aliquots were incubated at 35 degrees C for 0, 30, 60, 120, and 300 min, for enzyme pretreatment. After each treatment time, soy milk was heated to 85 degrees C, CaSO4 was added to aggregate protein, and the mixture was centrifuged to separate the solids (tofu) from the whey. The tofu yield and moisture contents from soy milk treated for 30 or 60 min were higher than those from soy milk treated for 0 (control), 120, or 300 min. The protein content of freeze-dried tofu varied in a limited range, and native PAGE and SDS-PAGE patterns revealed slight quantitative and qualitative variations among products. Soy milk daidzein and genistein contents increased while daidzin and genistin contents decreased as the time of enzyme pretreatment of the soy milk increased. After 30 min of pretreatment, daidzin, genistin, daidzein, and genistein contents recovered in tofu products were higher than those of the control. In a pilot-scale process, aliquots (3 L) of soy milk were enzyme-treated for 30 min, aggregated with CaSO4, and hydraulically pressed to remove the whey. As in pretreatments, soy milk daidzein and genistein contents increased while daidzin and genistin contents decreased. In a comparison of the control and enzyme-treated tofu products, the total recoveries of daidzin, genistin, daidzein, and genistein in the tofu products increased from 54.9% to 64.2%. When the tofu products were subjected to a sensory panel test, both products were judged acceptable.