Mixed Starter Culture Regulates Biogenic Amines Formation via Decarboxylation and Transamination during Chinese Rice Wine Fermentation

Abstract

The utilization of amine-negative starter based on an understanding of nitrogen metabolism is a useful method for controlling biogenic amine (BA) in Chinese rice wine (CRW) fermentation. The contribution of brewing materials to protein degradation was analyzed; wheat Qu protein had no effect, and yeast autolysis generated 10% amino nitrogen. Milling degree of rice was strongly correlated with BAs formation (R2 = 0.99). Subsequently, Lactobacillus plantarum and Staphylococcus xylosus were coinoculated as amine-negative starter at an optimized ratio of 1:2. Coinoculation induced a significant reduction in total BAs (43.7%, 44.5 mg L–1), putrescine (43.0%, 20.4 mg L–1), tyramine (42.8%, 14.3 mg L–1), and histamine (42.6%, 3.5 mg L–1) content. Notably, BAs degradation ability of Staphylococcus xylosus was stronger than the suppression effect of Lactobacillus plantarum, and higher lactic acid bacteria (LAB) amount has a positive correlation with lower BAs content. Overall, mixed strains exerted a synergistic effect in lowering BAs accumulation via decarboxylation and transamination.