Intervention in School and Clinic · 1999 · 222 citations · 30 references
EducationEducational PsychologySpeech-language PathologyCommunication DisordersPhonological AwarenessPhonologyDevelopmental Phonological DisordersEarly Language DevelopmentLanguage InterventionPhonological AcquisitionPhonological DevelopmentPhonological InterventionEarly Phoneme AwarenessEarly Phonological DevelopmentMetaphonological AwarenessMetaphonological SkillsPediatric Speech-language InterventionPhonemic Awareness AssessmentPhonological ImpairmentPhonological Skills Assessment
This article defines phonological awareness and discusses historic and contemporary research findings regarding its relation to early reading. Common misconceptions about phonological awareness are addressed. Research-based guidelines for teaching phonological awareness and phonemic awareness to all children are described. Additional instructional design guidelines are offered for teaching children with learning disabilities who are experiencing difficulties with early reading. Considerations for assessing children's phonological awareness are discussed, and descriptions of available measures are provided.
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