The Discovery of Polo-Like Kinase 4 Inhibitors: Design and Optimization of Spiro[cyclopropane-1,3′[3<i>H</i>]indol]-2′(1′<i>H</i>)-ones as Orally Bioavailable Antitumor Agents

Abstract

Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4), a unique member of the polo-like kinase family of serine-threonine kinases, is a master regulator of centriole duplication that is important for maintaining genome integrity. Overexpression of PLK4 is found in several human cancers and is linked with a predisposition to tumorigenesis. Previous efforts to identify potent and efficacious PLK4 inhibitors resulted in the discovery of ( E )-3-((1 H -indazol-6-yl)methylene)indolin-2-ones, which are superseded by the bioisosteric 2-(1 H -indazol-6-yl)spiro[cyclopropane-1,3′-indolin]-2′-ones reported herein. Optimization of this new cyclopropane-linked series was based on a computational model of a PLK4 X-ray structure and SAR attained from the analogous alkene-linked series. The racemic cyclopropane-linked compounds showed PLK4 affinity and antiproliferative activity comparable to their alkene-linked congeners with improved physicochemical, ADME, and pharmacokinetic properties. Positive xenograft results from the MDA-MB-468 human breast cancer xenograft model for compound 18 support the investigation of PLK4 inhibitors as anticancer therapeutics. A PLK4 X-ray co-structure with racemate 18 revealed preferential binding of the 1 R,2 S enantiomer to the PLK4 kinase domain.