Relationship of alcohol use, physical activity and dietary habits with serum carotenoids, retinol and alpha-tocopherol among male Japanese smokers

Abstract

The consumption of vegetables and fruits is an important determinant of serum carotenoid levels even in smokers. Alcohol consumption is inversely associated with carotenoid levels, although the mechanism for this is not clear. Tofu and physical activity influence serum levels of antioxidative micronutrients, and these relationships need further studies.