Concomitant <i>RAS</i> , <i>RET/PTC</i> , or <i>BRAF</i> Mutations in Advanced Stage of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Abstract

Our data show that concomitant mutations are a frequent event in advanced PTC and are associated with poor prognosis. The concomitant mutations may represent intratumor heterogeneity and could exert a gene dosage effect to promote disease progression. KRAS(S65N) can constitutively activate the MAPK pathway.