Controlled nucleation in freeze‐drying: Effects on pore size in the dried product layer, mass transfer resistance, and primary drying rate

The ice nucleation temperature determines the primary drying rate of lyophilization for samples frozen on a temperature‐controlled shelf

James A. Searles, John F. Carpenter, Theodore W. Randolph · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · 2001 · 392 citations

Pharmacy, Biochemistry, Food Science +14

Mass and Heat Transfer in Vial Freeze-Drying of Pharmaceuticals: Role of the Vial

Michael J. Pikal, Michael L. Roy, Saroj Shah · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · 1984 · 343 citations

Pharmacy, Food Science, Pharmaceutics +14

Determination of End Point of Primary Drying in Freeze-Drying Process Control

Sajal M. Patel, Takayuki Doen, Michael J. Pikal · AAPS PharmSciTech · 2010 · 269 citations · Full text

Agriculture, Food Science, Food Engineering +15

Heat and mass transfer scale-up issues during freeze drying: II. Control and characterization of the degree of supercooling

Shailaja Rambhatla, Roee Ramot, Chandan Bhugra et al. · AAPS PharmSciTech · 2004 · 239 citations · Full text

Pharmacy, Chemical Engineering, Materials Science +13

The secondary drying stage of freeze drying: drying kinetics as a function of temperature and chamber pressure☆

Michael J. Pikal, Saroj Shah, Mainak Roy et al. · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · 1990 · 236 citations

Pharmacy, Food Science, Materials Science +14