The ice nucleation temperature determines the primary drying rate of lyophilization for samples frozen on a temperature‐controlled shelf

Surface-Induced Denaturation of Proteins during Freezing and its Inhibition by Surfactants

Byeong S. Chang, Brent S. Kendrick, John F. Carpenter · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · 1996 · 472 citations

Life Sciences, Biochemistry, Protein Biochemistry +11

Separation of Freezing- and Drying-Induced Denaturation of Lyophilized Proteins Using Stress-Specific Stabilization

John F. Carpenter, Steven J. Prestrelski, Tsutomu Arakawa · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · 1993 · 330 citations

Life Sciences, Biochemistry, Food Science +14

Annealing to optimize the primary drying rate, reduce freezing‐induced drying rate heterogeneity, and determine T'g in pharmaceutical lyophilization

James A. Searles, John F. Carpenter, Theodore W. Randolph · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · 2001 · 308 citations

Pharmacy, Food Science, Lyophilization +13

Proteins in frozen solutions: evidence of ice-induced partial unfolding

Giovanni B. Strambini, Edi Gabellieri · Biophysical Journal · 1996 · 303 citations · Full text

Life Sciences, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology +14

The secondary drying stage of freeze drying: drying kinetics as a function of temperature and chamber pressure☆

Michael J. Pikal, Saroj Shah, Mainak Roy et al. · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · 1990 · 236 citations

Pharmacy, Food Science, Materials Science +14