Fusarium toxins in wheat from an area in Henan Province, PR China, with a previous human red mould intoxication episode

Abstract

Wheat samples of the 1998 and 1999 crops from Puyang, an area in Henan Province, PR China with a previous human red mould intoxication episode, were analysed for trichothecenes and zearalenone (ZEA). For the 1998 Puyang crop, deoxynivalenol (DON) was the predominant toxin detected abundantly and frequently at a level of up to 14,000 microg kg(-1) (mean 2850 microgkg(-1)) in 30 of 31 (97%) wheat samples. Among these were 21 (70%) with a DON level that exceeded the Chinese regulation of 1,000 microg kg(-1). Nivalenol (NIV) and 15-acetyl-DON (15-ADON) were also found at 578 microg kg(-1) (one sample) and 59-1,800 microg kg(-1) (mean 365 microg kg(-1), 20 samples), respectively. ZEA co-occurred in 21 samples at 9-1,400 microg kg(-1) (mean 209 microg kg(-1)). Twenty-five (89%) wheat samples from Zhumadian, a region without a history of human red mould intoxication in the same province, contained low levels of DON (53-1240, mean 223 microg kg(-1)) with seven (25%) co-contaminated with ZEA (10-217, mean 108 microg kg(-1)). All were free from 15-ADON and NIV. Significant differences in DON, 15-ADON and ZEA concentrations between both areas were found. DON (<1000 microg kg(-1)) and ZEA (5-111 microg kg(-1)) were also detected in the 1999 Puyang wheat. Proper environmental conditions for Fusarium species surviving winter combined with unusual high precipitation during wheat flowering were responsible for a high concentration of Fusarium mycotoxins in the 1998 Puyang wheat.