Reduced Pressure Ice Fog Technique for Controlled Ice Nucleation during Freeze-Drying

The ice nucleation temperature determines the primary drying rate of lyophilization for samples frozen on a temperature‐controlled shelf

James A. Searles, John F. Carpenter, Theodore W. Randolph · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · 2001 · 392 citations

Pharmacy, Biochemistry, Food Science +14

Heat and mass transfer scale-up issues during freeze drying: II. Control and characterization of the degree of supercooling

Shailaja Rambhatla, Roee Ramot, Chandan Bhugra et al. · AAPS PharmSciTech · 2004 · 239 citations · Full text

Pharmacy, Chemical Engineering, Materials Science +13

Physical Chemistry of Freeze-drying: Measurement of Sublimation Rates for Frozen Aqueous Solutions by a Microbalance Technique

Michael J. Pikal, Saroj Shah, David E. Senior et al. · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · 1983 · 195 citations

Pharmacy, Biochemistry, Chemistry +10

Evaluation of manometric temperature measurement as a method of monitoring product temperature during lyophilization.

Nathaniel Milton, Michael J. Pikal, Michael L. Roy et al. · PubMed · 1997 · 155 citations

Pharmacy, Food Science, Food Analysis +16

Process control in freeze drying: determination of the end point of sublimation drying by an electronic moisture sensor.

Michael L. Roy, Michael J. Pikal · PubMed · 1989 · 99 citations

Agriculture, Food Science, Food Engineering +16