Can critical thinking and AI work together? Observations of science, Mathematics, and language instructors

Abstract

AI tools, such as intelligent tutoring systems, chatbots, and adaptive learning platforms, allow instructors to design teaching strategies based on individual student needs, learning styles, and progress. This exploratory study discussed the implications of AI use in classrooms for student’s critical thinking. Science, mathematics, and language instructors (n=40) were purposively sampled to be interviewed in the study. Narrative data was analyzed for recurring themes through reflexive thematic analysis. Findings indicated that AI has an alternate purpose in developing and possibly obstructing students’ critical thinking skills. AI tools like chatbots and personalized learning systems can enhance critical thinking by promoting cognitive flexibility, reflective thinking, and systematic analysis. Teachers use AI to encourage students to analyze AI-generated results and compare them to theoretical frameworks, developing deeper engagement with content across subjects like science, mathematics, and language. However, the study also observed that over-reliance on AI can lead to superficial understanding and uncritical acceptance of information. Students sometimes bypass the cognitive work necessary for critical thinking, treating AI as a shortcut rather than a tool for deeper learning. As such, while AI can significantly enhance learning when used appropriately, instructors must guide its use carefully to avoid negative impacts on critical thinking.