Development of Functional or Medical Foods for Oral Administration of Insulin for Diabetes Treatment: Gastroprotective Edible Microgels

Abstract

] were co-encapsulated inside calcium alginate microgels (diameter = 280 μm) using a vibrating nozzle injector. Confocal microscopy indicated that insulin was successfully encapsulated inside the microgels and remained inside them after they were exposed to simulated gastric conditions. Localized fluorescence intensity measurements indicated that the internal pH of the antacid-loaded microgels was around pH 7.4 after incubation in acidic gastric fluids but below the limit of detection (pH < 4) in the antacid-free microgels. After incubation in small intestine conditions, around 30% of the insulin was released from the antacid-loaded microgels over a 2 h period. Encapsulation of insulin within the antacid-loaded microgels increased its biological activity after exposure to simulated gastric conditions. In particular, the encapsulated insulin significantly increased Akt phosphorylation at both Thr308 and Ser473 in L6 myotubes when compared to free insulin.