Proprioceptive Actuator Design in the MIT Cheetah: Impact Mitigation and High-Bandwidth Physical Interaction for Dynamic Legged Robots

TLDR

Designing actuators for highly dynamic legged robots is a grand challenge, as conventional actuators struggle to provide the required torque density and to manage dynamic physical interactions. The paper proposes a proprioceptive actuation paradigm and introduces an impact mitigation factor metric to enable design comparison for highly dynamic legged robots. The approach uses collocated joint force control, modal analysis of a reduced leg model, and dimensional analysis of DC motors to implement proprioceptive actuation that controls foot contact under dynamic conditions. The paradigm delivers high torque density, high‑bandwidth force control, and impact mitigation via backdrivability; the MIT Cheetah leg demonstrates an IMF comparable to other series‑spring quadrupeds, controls contact forces during dynamic bounding with 85 ms contact times and >450 N peak forces, and achieves impact‑robust force‑controlled running and jumping, indicating broader applicability.

Abstract

Designing an actuator system for highly dynamic legged robots has been one of the grand challenges in robotics research. Conventional actuators for manufacturing applications have difficulty satisfying design requirements for high-speed locomotion, such as the need for high torque density and the ability to manage dynamic physical interactions. To address this challenge, this paper suggests a proprioceptive actuation paradigm that enables highly dynamic performance in legged machines. Proprioceptive actuation uses collocated force control at the joints to effectively control contact interactions at the feet under dynamic conditions. Modal analysis of a reduced leg model and dimensional analysis of DC motors address the main principles for implementation of this paradigm. In the realm of legged machines, this paradigm provides a unique combination of high torque density, high-bandwidth force control, and the ability to mitigate impacts through backdrivability. We introduce a new metric named the "impact mitigation factor" (IMF) to quantify backdrivability at impact, which enables design comparison across a wide class of robots. The MIT Cheetah leg is presented, and is shown to have an IMF that is comparable to other quadrupeds with series springs to handle impact. The design enables the Cheetah to control contact forces during dynamic bounding, with contact times down to 85 ms and peak forces over 450 N. The unique capabilities of the MIT Cheetah, achieving impact-robust force-controlled operation in high-speed three-dimensional running and jumping, suggest wider implementation of this holistic actuation approach.