The Journal of Educational Research · 1986 · 197 citations · 32 references
EducationEducational PsychologyMathematics EducationCognitive DevelopmentEarly Childhood Mathematics EducationMathematics InstructionBehavioral SkillsInstructional StrategiesMathematical Learning DifficultiesProblem-solving SkillsProblem-solving StrategiesSelf-efficacyDivision InstructionExplicit Strategy UseSelf-efficacy TheoryStudent Self-efficacy
The study examined how task strategies and attributions for success during mathematics learning affect children’s self‑efficacy and division skills, and suggested future research on their temporal relationship. Children lacking division skills received training and practiced problem solving, while their use of effective task strategies was assessed from recordings of their verbalizations during problem solving. Attributions of success to high ability most strongly increased self‑efficacy, and higher self‑efficacy combined with effective strategy use improved division skills, with implications for teaching discussed.
This study determined how task strategies and attributions for success during mathematics learning influenced children's self-efficacy and skills. Children who lacked division skills received training and practiced solving problems. Children's use of effective task strategies was determined from recordings of their verbalizations while they solved problems. Attributions of problem-solving success to high ability exerted the strongest influence on increases in selfefficacy. Higher self-efficacy and use of task strategies promoted children's division skills. Future research should determine the relationship of strategy use and self-efficacy at different times while children are learning. Implications of this study for teaching are discussed.
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Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.
Psychological Review · 1977 · 42.6K citations · Full text
Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency.
Albert Bandura · American Psychologist · 1982 · 15.2K citations