Can augmented reality enhance students’ mathematical literacy? A study on technological development for learning practice

Abstract

This study aims to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of Augmented Reality (AR)-based instructional media in enhancing students’ mathematical literacy. Using the Research and Development framework and the Plomp model, the process involved stages of investigation, design, construction, testing, and implementation. Initial analysis showed that while students could identify key parts of mathematical problems, many still needed help to grasp deeper contextual understanding. AR technology offers an innovative solution by visualising complex concepts and helping students apply mathematics to real-world contexts. The module, developed using Unity and Canva Pro, was evaluated by experts and tested on tenth-grade students in Surakarta. The experimental group used AR media, while the control group followed traditional methods. Diagnostic tests, Pre-tests, and post-tests were used to measure outcomes. The findings suggest that AR-based media is quite effective in improving mathematical literacy by helping students better visualise complex concepts. However, challenges such as technological limitations and educator readiness must be addressed to maximise its potential fully.