SiN_x and AlO_x Nanolayers in Hole Selective Passivating Contacts for High Efficiency Silicon Solar Cells

Abstract

The recombination of photogenerated charge carriers at metal-semiconductor interfaces remains a major source of efficiency loss in photovoltaic cells. Here, we present SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> and AlO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> nanolayers as promising interface dielectrics to enable high efficiency hole selective passivating contacts. It is demonstrated that SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> deposited via direct plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition can be grown controllably at thicknesses of 2 nm. The valence band offsets between crystalline silicon and ultrathin AlO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> and SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> nanolayers are measured as 3.5 and 1.4 eV, respectively. This predicts a larger tunnelling current for holes, compared to SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> used typically. Resistivity measurements show that SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> and AlO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> nanolayers have lower contact resistivities compared to SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> , with values as low as 100 mΩ·cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Analysis of the current transport mechanisms confirmed that tunnelling dominates the conduction through SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> , while a mixture of tunnelling and pinholes are present in the AlO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> structure. Lifetime measurements gave initial indications of the passivation quality of the films, with just 10 cycles of AlO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> achieving 260 <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">μ</i> s after annealing and 1.9 ms with extrinsic field effect passivation added. Finally, the intrinsic built-in charge in the dielectrics was determined using surface photovoltage measurements and simulations are used to estimate the influence of nanolayer built-in charge in both poly-Si and dopant-free passivating contacts to enable future high efficiency solar cells.