Semiconductor materials is a class of substances exhibiting electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. As a research field, it investigates the fundamental electronic structure, charge carrier dynamics, and optoelectronic properties of these materials, focusing on how their conductivity can be precisely controlled and manipulated through factors such as temperature, doping, and external fields. This investigation is paramount due to their unique characteristic of a tunable band gap, which underpins their critical significance as the foundational components for virtually all modern electronic, optoelectronic, and energy conversion technologies.