British Journal of Educational Studies · 2005 · 725 citations · 16 references
EducationEducational AssessmentAssessment For LearningFormative AssessmentSummative AssessmentFeedback In AssessmentFeedback In Formative AssessmentFormative FeedbackStudent AssessmentSummative EvaluationFeedback In Summative AssessmentFormative-summative Alignment
ABSTRACT: This paper wishes to clarify the definitions of the central terms relating to assessment. It argues that all assessment begins with summative assessment (which is a judgement) and that formative assessment is in fact summative assessment plus feedback which is used by the learner.
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Assessment and Classroom Learning
Paul Black, Dylan Wiliam · Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice · 1998 · 7.7K citations
Formative assessment and the design of instructional systems
D. Royce Sadler · Instructional Science · 1989 · 4.1K citations