Applied Economics · 2011 · 59 citations · 18 references
ManagementBehavioral SciencesOrganizational BehaviorAgency TheoryBehavioral EconomicsPerformance MeasurementBiasPerformance AppraisalWorkplace BiasCentralityEmployee AppraisalEmployee Performance AppraisalPerformance Appraisal BiasPerformance Appraisal SystemsSubjective Performance EvaluationSupervisor AppraisalSupervisor Rating Bias
Making use of a subjective performance appraisal system, it is a well-established fact that many supervisors tend to assess the employees too good (leniency bias) and that the appraisals hardly vary across employees of a certain supervisor (centrality bias). We explain these two biases in a simple theoretical model and discuss determinants of the size of the biases.
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A Theory of Fairness, Competition, and Cooperation
Ernst Fehr, Klaus M. Schmidt · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · 1999 · 11.1K citations · Full text