Leisure Sciences · 2008 · 308 citations · 34 references
Social SciencesEnvironmental Social ScienceSocial PsychologyCommunity PsychologyEnvironmental PsychologyNegotiationLeisure ParticipationNature-based RecreationOutdoor RecreationRecreation ManagementRecreation ParticipationStructural Equation ModelingConceptual Model DevelopmentLeisure ConstraintsLeisure EngagementLeisure MotivationNegotiation Process AnalysisOutdoor Recreation ParticipationParticipation ConstraintsRecreational Participation
The leisure constraints negotiation process in outdoor recreation is driven by motivation, perceived constraints, and negotiation efforts, with higher motivation encouraging negotiation strategies and constraints prompting negotiation. The study proposes that negotiation‑efficacy enhances motivation, reduces perceived constraints, and promotes negotiation efforts, thereby indirectly fostering positive participation. The authors tested the model using data from a random sample of Arizona residents, applying hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Results confirm the model, indicating that the constraints‑negotiation process is a dynamic interaction that promotes outdoor recreation participation.
A conceptual model tested the leisure constraints negotiation process of outdoor recreation: motivation and the constraints to participate likely influenced by negotiation efforts. Higher motivation to participate encourages using negotiation strategies and resources to overcome constraints. Experiencing constraints was thought to trigger negotiation efforts. Drawing from social cognitive theory, negotiation-efficacy was proposed to encourage motivation, diminish the perception of constraints and promote negotiation efforts, which indirectly influenced positive participation. The model tested used data collected from a random sample of Arizona residents through hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Results support the conceptual model and suggest the constraints negotiation process is a dynamic interaction of influences promoting outdoor recreation participation.
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