Betaine recovers hypothalamic neural injury by inhibiting astrogliosis and inflammation in fructose‐fed rats

Abstract

These findings suggest that betaine inhibits fructose-caused astrogliosis and inflammation by the suppression of TLR4/NF-κB pathway activation and HDAC3 expression to protect against hypothalamic neural injury, which, at least partly, contributes to the improvement of fructose-induced metabolic syndrome.