Table of Contents
Overview
Definition of Nanomedicine
Nanomedicine is defined as the application of nanotechnology to medicine, promising a significant impact on the treatment of various diseases, particularly cancer. This field encompasses a wide range of drug delivery systems that operate at the nanoscale, allowing for innovative approaches to therapy and diagnostics. The definition of nanomedicine as an umbrella term includes hundreds of different formulations that are treated similarly, highlighting the diversity and potential of this emerging discipline.[4.1] The concept of nanomedicine has its roots in the early articulation of nanotechnology by Richard Feynman in 1959, which laid the groundwork for future developments in the field.[2.1] Since then, nanomedicine has evolved significantly, with research and applications expanding globally. By 2012, China had emerged as a leader in nanomedicine research, ranking second only to the United States in the number of published articles, indicating a robust growth in this area.[3.1] The interdisciplinary nature of nanomedicine exemplifies the convergence of biology and technology, aiming to revolutionize healthcare through personalized medicine, targeted drug delivery, and regenerative medicine.[3.1]Key Applications in Healthcare
Nanomedicine has emerged as a transformative field in healthcare, particularly in the realm of drug delivery and cancer treatment. One of the key applications of nanomedicine is the development of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. These systems are designed to optimize the delivery of therapeutic agents to specific pathological tissues while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. The size of nanoparticles, typically ranging from 20 to 200 nm, plays a crucial role in their effectiveness; particles smaller than this range are rapidly cleared by the kidneys, while larger particles face challenges related to circulation lifetime due to macrophagic uptake.[6.1] Nanoparticles can be engineered with various compositions, sizes, shapes, and surface chemistries, enabling innovative approaches to address fundamental biological questions and enhance drug delivery efficacy.[7.1] In oncology, nanomedicine is particularly significant, as it allows for targeted therapies that can directly and selectively attack cancerous cells. This capability is essential for improving patient outcomes and reducing the side effects associated with traditional cancer treatments.[10.1] Recent advances in nanotechnology have demonstrated its potential in cancer diagnosis and treatment, showcasing reduced side effects and the ability to encapsulate numerous small-molecule compounds within nanoparticles.[9.1] Moreover, liposome-based delivery systems represent a notable advancement in targeted drug delivery. These systems offer several advantages, including reduced systemic drug toxicity and improved stability during transportation. For instance, liposomes conjugated to antibodies have shown promise in enhancing the tolerability and antitumor activity of chemotherapeutic agents.[11.1] However, challenges remain, such as the stability of liposomes and the need for effective stimuli-responsive systems for controlled drug release.[11.1] Nanotechnology is increasingly recognized for its diverse applications in healthcare, particularly in drug delivery and imaging. This field focuses on the development of nanoscale materials, which can include natural, synthetic, or semisynthetic polymers, lipids, and metallic substances, to create innovative drug delivery systems that target specific areas in the body.[23.1] The principles of nanotechnology facilitate both passive and active targeting mechanisms, enabling nanosized carriers to effectively reach inflamed and diseased tissues.[22.1] Current research emphasizes the use of nanocarriers for targeted, triggered, and controlled delivery of therapeutic molecules, showcasing a variety of promising examples in clinical settings.[24.1] Notable advancements include the development of bioactive-loaded nano-formulations for targeted drug delivery and the application of magnetic fields and nanoparticles to enhance tumor targeting and drug release.[25.1] Overall, the integration of nanotechnology into healthcare represents a transformative step towards more effective and safer therapeutic strategies.History
Early Developments in Nanotechnology
Richard Feynman's vision of nanotechnology, articulated in his seminal 1959 lecture "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom," is widely recognized as the conceptual foundation of the field.[63.1] In this lecture, Feynman proposed the revolutionary idea of manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular levels, suggesting that such manipulation could lead to significant advancements in various scientific domains, particularly in materials science.[59.1] His foresight into the potential of atomic-scale manipulation has been instrumental in the development of nanoscience, which has evolved significantly since his initial presentation.[60.1] Feynman's ideas have inspired numerous advancements in nanotechnology, laying the groundwork for future innovations that continue to shape the field today.[63.1] In his visionary 1959 lecture at Caltech, Richard P. Feynman envisaged the potential of manipulating matter at the atomic scale, which has significantly influenced the early development of nanotechnology and nanomedicine.[61.1] This foresight has catalyzed advancements across various scientific disciplines, enabling researchers to observe phenomena from micro to nano scales and to study complex biomolecules at the nanoscale.[62.1] The progress of nanoscience and nanotechnology has expanded in different directions, allowing for deeper insights into biological systems, including the behavior of cell nuclei and the intricate structures of biomolecules.[62.1] Feynman's ideas have laid the groundwork for the field of nanosensors, which are essential tools in the exploration and application of nanotechnology.[61.1] Overall, his contributions have underscored the transformative potential of nanotechnology across multiple fields, including healthcare.[61.1]Evolution of Nanomedicine
The evolution of nanomedicine can be traced back to the seminal ideas proposed by physicist Richard Feynman in 1959, who first articulated the concept of nanotechnology. This foundational idea laid the groundwork for the subsequent development of nanomedicine, which has since transformed healthcare through the integration of biology and technology, particularly in the areas of personalized medicine and targeted drug delivery.[2.1] Over the last three decades of the 20th century, significant advancements in the development of nanoparticles for medical applications emerged. Key innovations included the creation of liposomes, DNA-drug complexes, and various conjugates such as polymer-drug and antibody-drug conjugates, which have been pivotal in enhancing drug delivery systems.[43.1] By 2012, research in nanomedicine had expanded significantly, particularly in China, which ranked second globally in the number of publications in this field, following the United States.[3.1] The potential of nanoparticles to revolutionize drug delivery systems has been recognized for their ability to enhance drug solubility, target specific cells, and control the release of therapeutic agents, thereby minimizing side effects and maximizing therapeutic efficacy.[50.1] However, the clinical translation of these innovations has faced challenges, including issues related to toxicity, scalability, and regulatory hurdles.[64.1] Despite these obstacles, the future of nanoparticle-based drug delivery remains promising, particularly in the context of personalized nanomedicine and novel therapeutic approaches targeting specific disease environments.[52.1]Recent Advancements
Innovations in Drug Delivery Systems
Recent advancements in nanomedicine have significantly transformed drug delivery systems, particularly in the context of cancer treatment. Nanomedicines are designed to offer targeted and controlled drug delivery, which can reduce side effects and improve patient outcomes, thereby revolutionizing cancer therapy.[84.1] Despite the promising potential of nanotechnology, fewer than 20 nanodrugs have received approval for commercialization globally, with most of these utilizing liposomes and micelles as carriers.[85.1] Innovations in drug delivery systems, particularly in nanomedicine, can be categorized into passive and active targeting mechanisms. Passive targeting leverages the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, which allows nanoparticles to extravasate and accumulate in tumor tissues due to the leaky nature of tumor vasculature.[102.1] In contrast, active targeting utilizes ligand-receptor interactions to improve the selective accumulation of nanoparticles at targeted sites, effectively distinguishing between diseased and healthy tissues.[100.1] Recent advancements have focused on enhancing the efficacy of these targeting strategies through various approaches, including physicochemical modifications of nanoparticles and conditioning of the tumor microenvironment.[101.1] The ongoing debate regarding the therapeutic efficacy of actively versus passively targeted nanoparticles underscores the importance of methodologies that facilitate the delivery of high concentrations of drug-loaded nanoparticles to tumors.[103.1] The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data is revolutionizing personalized nanomedicine, leading to improved patient outcomes. AI enhances treatment plans by analyzing patient data and forecasting outcomes, which is essential for predicting target-specific nanomedicine that boosts therapeutic benefits.[95.1] By collecting and integrating large volumes of data, AI plays a significant role in cancer precision medicine, applying various algorithms and models to clinical tasks.[99.1] Recent advancements in AI technologies have improved the accuracy of cancer detection, enhanced the effectiveness of anti-cancer treatments, and facilitated post-treatment monitoring.[96.1] Furthermore, the convergence of AI and nanotechnology is crucial for tailoring optimal treatments for individual cancer patients, enabling better data acquisition and the improved design of nanomaterials.[97.1] However, challenges such as data integration, ethical considerations, and regulatory support must be addressed to fully realize the potential of AI in this domain.[95.1]In this section:
Applications In Disease Treatment
Cancer Treatment
Nanomedicine has emerged as a transformative approach in cancer treatment, leveraging the unique properties of nanoparticles to enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing side effects. One of the primary advantages of nanomedicine is its ability to enable targeted drug delivery, which allows for the precise targeting of cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues. This targeted approach is achieved by encapsulating drugs within nanoparticles that are engineered to recognize and bind to specific cellular markers associated with tumors.[128.1] The clinical application of nanomedicine in oncology has seen significant advancements, with numerous nano-based therapies and diagnostic tools being developed and utilized in practice. Currently, there are approximately 80 marketed products in the field of nanomedicine, which include innovations in drug delivery systems, medical imaging, and diagnostics.[126.1] These products are designed to address unmet medical needs by integrating effective therapeutic molecules that may otherwise be too toxic for conventional use, thereby maximizing efficacy and reducing overall toxicity.[129.1] Nanoparticles facilitate targeted drug delivery through mechanisms such as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, which allows for preferential accumulation of nanoparticles in tumor tissues due to their leaky vasculature.[145.1] Additionally, advancements in nanoparticle design have led to the development of "smart" nanoparticles that can respond to specific stimuli, allowing for controlled release of therapeutics at the tumor site.[142.1] This capability not only enhances the precision of drug delivery but also promotes the development of theranostics, which combine therapeutic and diagnostic functions in a single platform.[142.1] The integration of nanomedicine into personalized medicine represents a significant advancement in cancer treatment, as it allows for therapies tailored to the unique biological characteristics of individual patients, including their genomics and proteomics.[144.1] This personalized approach not only reduces patient heterogeneity but also fine-tunes the dose-response balance, leading to enhanced therapeutic responses and a decreased likelihood of resistance.[144.1] Over the years, the clinical translation of cancer nanomedicine has progressed, with an increasing number of nano-based therapies and components being utilized for imaging, diagnostics, and radiation therapy.[140.1] The potential of nanomedicine to improve personalized medicine is substantial, as it offers innovative strategies for identifying the most suitable drugs for patients based on their genetic variability.[143.1] As research in this field continues to evolve, the future of nanomedicine in oncology appears promising, with the prospect of revolutionizing cancer care through improved treatment strategies and outcomes.[140.1]Regenerative Medicine
Nanotheranostics, integrating diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities through nanotechnology, offers transformative potential in regenerative medicine by enabling personalized treatment strategies. This approach is particularly advantageous in tailoring therapies to individual biomolecular profiles, enhancing intervention effectiveness [135.1]. The fusion of nanomedicine with personalized medicine supports pharmacotyping, crucial for optimizing drug delivery and customizing therapies to meet specific patient needs [136.1]. As personalized genome sequencing becomes more affordable, it is anticipated to play a pivotal role in developing diagnostic assays that refine treatment protocols [137.1]. Nanomedicine's contribution to personalized medicine is significant, particularly through the use of nanoconstructs to diagnose genetic variability, which is essential for selecting appropriate drugs for individual patients [138.1][138.2]. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems are revolutionizing regenerative medicine by improving drug solubility, targeting specific cells, and controlling therapeutic agent release, thereby reducing side effects and maximizing therapeutic potential [148.1]. The engineering of precision nanoparticles is crucial for navigating biological barriers, enabling more personalized therapeutic applications [149.1]. For example, polymeric nanoparticles have been developed for targeted brain drug delivery, addressing conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease [150.1]. This targeted approach exemplifies how nanomedicine can significantly enhance treatment outcomes in regenerative medicine by ensuring therapies are both effective and tailored to individual patient characteristics.In this section:
Challenges And Ethical Considerations
Biological Interactions and Safety Concerns
Innovative engineered nanomaterials possess unique physicochemical properties that make them suitable for various biomedical applications, particularly in the fields of nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine. However, these properties also present significant challenges regarding safety and efficacy in clinical applications. The rapid development of nanotechnology has raised ethical and social issues, particularly concerning the risks posed to human health and the environment, as well as the equitable access to these technologies.[185.1] Nanotechnology has gained considerable attention in recent decades due to the unique and enhanced physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials compared to bulk materials. These properties stem from several factors, including the large surface area and high particle number per mass unit of dispersed nanomaterials, the increased fraction of surface atoms, and the unique atomic arrangements at the surface, which result in fewer direct neighbors for these atoms.[186.1] As a result, nanomaterials exhibit distinct mechanical, thermal, magnetic, electronic, optical, and catalytic properties that differentiate them from larger-scale materials.[186.1] However, the incomplete understanding of the physicochemical properties of nanoscale materials presents challenges in clinical applications, particularly in the field of nanomedicine. While these challenges do not introduce entirely new ethical issues, they necessitate careful consideration of risk minimization, management, and communication strategies involving human subjects during clinical trials.[185.1] The rapid development of nanotechnology and its potential profound impacts on society create an urgency to address these ethical considerations, which, although not novel, require additional scrutiny in the context of nanomedicine.[185.1] As nanomedicine continues to evolve, it is essential to navigate these complexities to ensure the safe and effective application of nanotechnology in healthcare.[187.1] To ensure the safe application of nanomaterials in medicine, researchers are employing various methodologies to assess long-term safety and environmental impacts. This includes market surveillance mechanisms that monitor the efficacy and safety of nanomedicines in real-world clinical settings, allowing for ongoing evaluations of product effectiveness and patient outcomes.[197.1] Additionally, addressing gaps in toxicity data, standardizing assessment methods, and establishing clear guidelines for risk assessment and management are critical steps in the responsible governance of nanomedicine.[198.1] As the field evolves, understanding nanotoxicity mechanisms and creating robust evaluation methods will be essential for overcoming regulatory challenges and ensuring the safe use of nanomaterials.[198.1] The urgency of these issues is underscored by the potential profound social and environmental impacts of nanotechnology, necessitating a proactive approach to ethical considerations in its development and application.[185.1]Regulatory and Ethical Issues
Nanomedicine presents a complex landscape of regulatory and ethical issues that necessitate careful consideration. The ethical challenges associated with nanomedicine are not entirely novel; they echo concerns that have been raised throughout the history of medicine. However, the unique characteristics of nanotechnology, including its potential pervasive impact on society, require additional scrutiny and a proactive approach to ethical oversight.[165.1] Key areas of concern identified in the literature include harm exposure and potential health risks, informed consent in nano-research, privacy issues, access to nanomedical technologies, and the classification of nanomedical products.[176.1] The precautionary principle also plays a significant role in guiding the research and development of nanomedical technologies, emphasizing the need for caution in the face of uncertainty regarding their long-term effects.[166.1] Informed consent, a critical aspect of medical ethics, has evolved significantly since its introduction in the 1950s. The complexities of nanotechnology introduce new challenges to the informed consent process, particularly regarding the therapeutic misconception, where patients may misunderstand the nature of the research and its potential benefits.[173.1] This underscores the importance of ensuring that patients are adequately informed about the risks and uncertainties associated with nanomedicine.[172.1] Accountability is a key ethical consideration in nanomedicine, as researchers and medical practitioners have a duty to ensure that the development, testing, and use of nanomedicine always prioritize patient safety.[83.1] Respecting patient rights and adhering to ethical standards is of utmost importance in this field.[83.1] The current regulatory structures, including those established by the FDA, face challenges in adequately addressing the unique aspects of nanomedicine, particularly due to the rigidity of product domains that dictate approval requirements.[18.1] This highlights the need for a thorough examination of the regulatory framework to identify and address the challenges specific to nanomedicine products.[18.1] As the field of nanomedicine progresses rapidly, it is imperative to address the ethical, social, and regulatory dimensions to minimize potential adverse impacts on public health and the environment, as well as to avoid public backlash.[174.1] This area has generated extensive discussions among scientists, philosophers, ethicists, and policymakers, highlighting the need for moral justification in balancing the values involved in these tradeoffs.[174.1] Research has identified six key areas of ethical and legal concern related to nanomedical technology: harm exposure and potential health risks, consent to nano-research, privacy issues, access to nanomedical technology and therapies, classification of nanomedical products, and the precautionary principle.[176.1] Addressing these ethical and regulatory issues is essential for ensuring that the advancements in nanomedicine are developed with appropriate oversight and that all communities, particularly marginalized ones, have equitable access to these innovations.[176.1]Future Directions
Emerging Trends in Nanomedicine
Promising advancements in nanomedicine are paving the way for innovative therapeutic strategies, particularly through the integration of nanotherapies with gene editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 and siRNA. These combinations offer a targeted approach that holds unique potential for clinical translation, enhancing the specificity and efficacy of treatments.[206.1] The recent Vancouver Nanomedicine Day 2023 highlighted these advancements, featuring discussions on the future of nanomedicine, including insights from experts in gene therapy and immunotherapy.[207.1] Despite significant progress in tumor-targeted nano-drug delivery over the past three decades, challenges remain in achieving optimal outcomes due to the complex requirements of targeting stages. Current strategies are increasingly focusing on stimuli-responsive nanocarriers that can adapt their properties dynamically to maximize therapeutic benefits.[208.1] The future of nanomedicine is viewed as promising, with expectations to revolutionize personalized medicine, improve disease detection and treatment, and support tissue regeneration.[209.1] However, the clinical translation of nanomedicine faces substantial hurdles, including safety concerns, biological barriers, and regulatory challenges. A comprehensive understanding of these issues is essential for enhancing the efficiency of clinical translation processes for nanotherapeutics.[210.1] The complexity of nanomedicines and their manufacturing processes complicates the interchangeability and substitutability of these products, raising implications for clinical safety and efficacy.[211.1] Addressing these challenges requires a focus on practical and clinical feasibility, as well as a careful consideration of the end user's perspective during the development of nanomedicinal products. This approach is crucial for navigating the clinical translation pathway and ensuring that investigational nanomedicines fulfill their potential to benefit patients.[212.1] Moreover, the integration of nanomedicine into cancer immunotherapy represents a promising avenue for addressing the complexities of the immune tumor microenvironment. Innovations such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and cancer vaccines are expected to be optimized through nanotechnology.[213.1] Future developments will also need to tackle toxicity concerns, enhance drug delivery strategies, and explore novel manufacturing technologies to improve the overall effectiveness of nanomedicines in clinical settings.[214.1] The integration of nanotechnology with gene editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 and siRNA has the potential to open new avenues in therapeutic applications, addressing key limitations related to cellular entry, stability in biological environments, and off-target effects.[216.1] This innovative pairing is expected to evolve significantly in the coming decade, yet it necessitates further investigation into how these systems interact with targeted gene environments and the management of potential toxic side effects.[217.1] The development of nanoparticles as non-viral carriers for the delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 systems has shown great promise, indicating substantial progress in therapeutic applications.[218.1] However, the intravenous delivery of these systems remains complex, involving a three-step process that presents ongoing challenges for researchers.[219.1]Potential Impact on Personalized Medicine
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in nanomedicine is poised to significantly enhance personalized medicine, particularly through the development of smart multifunctional nanocarriers (SMNs) for drug and gene delivery. These AI-driven approaches facilitate the design of personalized nanocarriers that can target specific tumor characteristics, thereby improving drug delivery precision and therapeutic outcomes.[221.1] By analyzing genetic, molecular, and environmental factors, AI systems can generate tailored treatment strategies that adapt in real-time to evolving tumor dynamics, which is crucial for reducing the risk of drug resistance.[221.1] Moreover, the convergence of AI and nanomedicine accelerates the design and optimization of these nanocarriers, enhancing their drug loading and release capabilities.[222.1] This multimodal integration not only allows for improved therapeutic efficacy but also addresses challenges associated with traditional drug delivery methods, such as limited knowledge about nanoparticle (NP) components and characteristics, and the lack of standardized protocols for synthesis.[223.1] AI can predict NP interactions with target drugs, tumor sites, and cell membranes, providing valuable insights into drug encapsulation and release kinetics, which are essential for optimizing nanomedicine formulations for cancer treatment.[223.1] In addition to cancer therapies, advancements in nanotechnology are also making strides in gene therapy, particularly through the application of CRISPR/Cas technology. The targeted attributes of nanotechnology enhance the efficacy of gene editing tools, which could transform the treatment landscape for genetic disorders.[245.1] As research continues to evolve, the potential for AI-enhanced nanomedicine to deliver personalized therapies tailored to individual patient profiles is becoming increasingly viable, marking a significant shift towards more effective and individualized treatment options in the field of medicine.References
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[63] Influential Figures in the Field of Nanotechnology — Contributions to Nanotechnology. One of the most prominent figures in nanotechnology is Dr. Richard Feynman. His 1959 lecture, "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom," is often credited as the conceptual foundation of nanotechnology.
[64] Progress, challenges, and future of nanomedicine — The current state of clinical translation of nanomedicine is unsatisfactory: the low efficiency of the clinical translation process for nanotherapeutics indicates that there remain challenges associated with safety, biological barriers, and regulation. The key to improving the efficiency of clinical translation is a deep understanding of the current landscape of nanomedicine, including common challenges and future demands for nanotherapeutic development. Considering that significant progresses have been made in the past several decades, and current research in this field is still under intensive investigation, in this review, we provide a systematic summary of the present state of nanomedicine, and discuss existing challenges and future demands for the field. Moreover, the review provides some considerations and perspectives in the research and development of nanomedicines to facilitate their translations in clinic.
[83] Ethics in Nanomedicine: Key Issues and Principles — Accountability is a key ethical consideration in nanomedicine. Researchers and medical practitioners have a duty to ensure that the development, testing, and use of nanomedicine always prioritize the patient's safety. 6 Respecting patient rights and adhering to ethical standards is of utmost importance.
[84] Recent advances in the bench-to-bedside translation of cancer ... — Recent advances in the bench-to-bedside translation of cancer nanomedicines - ScienceDirect Recent advances in the bench-to-bedside translation of cancer nanomedicines Nanomedicines have shown great potential for revolutionizing cancer treatment by offering targeted and controlled drug delivery, reducing side effects, and improving patient outcomes. Accordingly, nanomedicines have been the focus of extensive research and development for clinical translation. Motivated by recent advances in the field, this review explores the current frontier of cancer nanomedicine. Future opportunities for cancer nanomedicines, including modifying the tumor microenvironment, integrating artificial intelligence and big data, and targeting new medical areas, are also discussed. This review underscores the potential of cancer nanomedicines to revolutionize treatment from a clinical standpoint. For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.
[85] Recent advances in nanomedicine design strategies for targeting ... — In recent decades, significant progress has been made in the field of cancer treatment through nanomedicine. Despite the vast potential of nanotechnology in cancer therapy, less than 20 nanodrugs have received approval for commercialization worldwide. 121 These approved nanodrugs predominantly utilize liposomes and micelles as carriers, relying
[95] Artificial intelligence for personalized nanomedicine; from material ... — AI revolutionizes personalized nanomedicine for better patient outcomes. AI optimizes treatment plans by analyzing patient data and forecasting outcomes. AI helps in predicting target-specific nanomedicine for enhancing therapeutic benefits. The challenges of data integration, ethics, and regulatory support need to be addressed.
[96] Artificial intelligence aids in development of nanomedicines for cancer ... — The rapid development of AI technologies and their integration with nanomedicines have allowed to improve the accuracy of cancer detection, enhance the effectiveness of anti-cancer treatment, and enable post-treatment monitoring of patients (Fig. 6). Precision medicine treatments and effective preventions could be realized through charactering
[97] Integrating Artificial Intelligence and Nanotechnology for Precision ... — Artificial intelligence (AI) and nanotechnology are two fields that are instrumental in realizing the goal of precision medicine-tailoring the best treatment for each cancer patient. Recent conversion between these two fields is enabling better patient data acquisition and improved design of nanomat …
[99] The clinical application of artificial intelligence in cancer precision ... — By collecting and integrating large volumes of data and applying it to clinical tasks across various algorithms and models, artificial intelligence plays a significant role in cancer precision medicine. Recent clinical studies demonstrate that artificial intelligence is involved in cancer precision medicine and has the potential to benefit cancer healthcare, particularly by optimizing conventional therapies, emerging targeted therapies, and individual immunotherapies. Individual characteristics data, generated from the whole process of cancer management, can be seamlessly integrated and efficiently utilized by artificial intelligence systems to facilitate accurate precision diagnoses and subsequently advance the efficacy of precision treatment strategies Similarly in other digestive system cancers, researchers combined AI algorithms with other data modalities, including clinical variables , histopathological images , and radiomics features , enhancing the prediction of LNM.
[100] overview of active and passive targeting strategies to improve the ... — The current literature discusses how the NCs and the enhanced permeation and retention effect impact the passive targeting. Whereas the active targeting relies on the ligand-receptor binding, which improves selective accumulation to targeted sites and thus discriminates between the diseased and healthy tissues.
[101] Current understanding of passive and active targeting nanomedicines to ... — Current understanding of passive and active targeting nanomedicines to enhance tumor accumulation - ScienceDirect In this review, we summarize the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles, tumor microenvironment regulation, active targeting, cell biomimetic, and transcytosis strategies to enhance tumor accumulation. Accordingly, the process and mechanism of nanomedicine in tumor accumulation are discussed, highlighting the mechanism of active targeting in enhancing the accumulation of nanoparticles. In view of the current problems about the entry of nanomaterials into tumor tissues, in this review, we summarize the extensive work done in recent years to enhance tumor accumulation of nanoparticles, including physicochemical modification, tumor ECM and microvascular conditioning, ligand-directed active targeting, biomimetic, and transcytosis strategies (Fig. 1).
[102] Passive vs. Active Targeting: An Update of the EPR Role in Drug ... — Schematic representation of passive and active targeting of nanoparticles. (a) Represents passive targeting: extravasation of nanoparticles, both with and without ligands through the gap junctions of the blood vessels, known as the enhanced permeability and retention effect.(b) Represents active targeting.Tumor cells exhibit overexpression of receptors as compared to normal cells.
[103] Distinction Between Active and Passive Targeting of Nanoparticles ... — The role of nanoparticles in cancer medicine is vast with debate still surrounding the distinction between therapeutic efficacy of actively targeted nanoparticles versus passively targeted systems for drug delivery. While it is commonly accepted that methodologies that result in homing a high concentration of drug loaded nanoparticles to the tumor is beneficial, the role of intracellular
[126] Introduction to nanomedicine an overview - ScienceDirect — Enabling technologies in all healthcare areas, nanomedicine already accounts for approximately 80 marketed products, ranging from nanodelivery and pharmaceuticals to medical imaging, diagnostics, and biomaterials. ... This chapter was a complete and novel overview regarding nanomedicine as well as its manufacturing and applications, which are
[128] What Is Nanomedicine and How Does It Work? - WebMD — What Conditions Could Nanomedicine Be Used For? Nanomedicine refers to the use of nanotechnology in health care. In nanomedicine, scientists are creating materials and devices that work with your body at the atomic or molecular level. For instance, because it operates on such a small scale, nanomedicine can deliver drugs to your body in a very targeted way. Nanomedicine lets doctors target the medicine to your cancer cells and limit damage to healthy ones. What Conditions Could Nanomedicine Be Used For? In addition to cancer, nanomedicine has the potential for treating these conditions: Nanomedicine offers ways to get the drugs where they're needed, using nanoparticles, special coatings on contact lenses, and implants. Nanomedicine can help detect bacterial infections and can deliver antibiotics in a targeted way.
[129] Nanomedicine: Principles, Properties, and Regulatory Issues — Nanomedicine is holding promising changes in clinical practice by the introduction of novel medicines for both diagnosis and treatment, having enabled to address unmet medical needs, by (i) integrating effective molecules that otherwise could not be used because of their high toxicity (e.g., Mepact), (ii) exploiting multiple mechanisms of action (e.g., Nanomag, multifunctional gels), (iii) maximizing efficacy (e.g., by increasing bioavailability) and reducing dose and toxicity, (iv) providing drug targeting, controlled and site specific release, favoring a preferential distribution within the body (e.g., in areas with cancer lesions) and improved transport across biological barriers (Chan, 2006; Méndez-Rojas et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2012; Ossa, 2014).
[135] Nanotheranostics for personalized medicine - PMC — Nanotheranostics, the integration of diagnostic and therapeutic function in one system using the benefits of nanotechnology, is extremely attractive for personalized medicine. Because treating cancer is not a one-size-fits-all scenario, it requires therapy to be adapted to the patient's specific biomolecules.
[136] Nanomedicine and personalized medicine toward the application of ... — Nanomedicine and personalized medicine toward the application of pharmacotyping in clinical practice to improve drug-delivery outcomes. ... While this clearly is one of the main cornerstones of individualized medicine; the cost effective integration of this complex technology is far from trivial, as discussed in details in this opinion paper.
[137] Nanobiotechnology and Personalized Medicine - ScienceDirect — Personalized genome sequencing would become an integral part of personalized medicine as the cost comes down. Sequencing will also lead to the development of many diagnostic assays that will contribute to personalized medicine. ... Advances in nanomedicine will parallel that of personalized medicine and the interaction of both will justify the
[138] The Promise of Nanotechnology in Personalized Medicine — The Promise of Nanotechnology in Personalized Medicine - PubMed Search in PubMed Search in PubMed Both personalized medicine and nanomedicine are new to medical practice. The review focuses on the current situation in personalized medicine, the advantages that can be offered by nanomedicine to personalized medicine, and the application of nanoconstructs in the diagnosis of genetic variability that can identify the right drug for the right patient. Keywords: nanomedicine; personalized medicine; pharmacogenetics; pharmacokinetics. A schematic representation of nanotechnology used in personalized medicine. A schematic representation of nanotechnology used in personalized medicine. Nanomedicine-based neuroprotective strategies in patient specific-iPSC and personalized medicine. doi: 10.1063/5.0214899. Personalized Medicine. [(accessed on 17 March 2022)]; Available online: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/person.... doi: 10.1016/S1471-4914(01)01986-4. Search in PubMed
[140] Cancer nanotechnology: current status and perspectives - PMC — Clinical translation of cancer nanomedicine dates back several decades, and the number of nano-based therapies and components for imaging, diagnostics, and radiation therapy in clinical use has steadily increased ... The future of nanomedicine is certainly auspicious, with highly developed technologies improving treatments and diagnostics, and
[142] Smart nanoparticles for cancer therapy — We will also summarize different types of drug delivery options, including small molecules, peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, and even living cells, for their potential use in cancer therapy. Unlike conventional nanoparticles, they can be triggered by specific stimuli and target-specific sites with precise drug delivery.7,8 After modification or stimulation by corresponding factors, these smart nanoparticles efficiently aggregate at the target location and release their payloads, establishing a smart treatment mode.8,9,10,11,12 Furthermore, their capability to co-delivering therapeutics and diagnostic reagents, which have greatly promoted the development of theranostics and smart nanoparticles for cancer therapy.13 This review comprehensively explores the multifaceted nature of smart nanoparticles, akin to a versatile toolbox of dynamic capabilities, with boundless potential to revolutionize drug delivery and cancer treatment, ushering in a new era of precision medicine.
[143] The Promise of Nanotechnology in Personalized Medicine — The Promise of Nanotechnology in Personalized Medicine - PubMed Search in PubMed Search in PubMed Both personalized medicine and nanomedicine are new to medical practice. The review focuses on the current situation in personalized medicine, the advantages that can be offered by nanomedicine to personalized medicine, and the application of nanoconstructs in the diagnosis of genetic variability that can identify the right drug for the right patient. Keywords: nanomedicine; personalized medicine; pharmacogenetics; pharmacokinetics. A schematic representation of nanotechnology used in personalized medicine. A schematic representation of nanotechnology used in personalized medicine. Nanomedicine-based neuroprotective strategies in patient specific-iPSC and personalized medicine. doi: 10.1063/5.0214899. Personalized Medicine. [(accessed on 17 March 2022)]; Available online: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/person.... doi: 10.1016/S1471-4914(01)01986-4. Search in PubMed
[144] Personalized Cancer Nanomedicine: Overcoming Biological Barriers for ... — 1 Introduction. Personalized medicine encompasses treatment and diagnosis based on patients' distinctive biological characteristics, i.e., genomics and proteomics. [] This approach concurrently decreases patients' heterogeneity and fine-tunes the dose-response balance, consequently leading to an enhanced therapeutic response and a reduced occurrence of resistance.
[145] A comprehensive review on advances in nanoparticle-mediated cancer ... — A comprehensive review on advances in nanoparticle-mediated cancer therapeutics: Current research and future perspectives - ScienceDirect A comprehensive review on advances in nanoparticle-mediated cancer therapeutics: Current research and future perspectives Despite their effectiveness, traditional treatment approaches such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgery frequently have negative side effects and high costs. Nanoparticles (NPs) facilitate targeted drug delivery by leveraging passive targeting mechanisms, such as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, and by actively targeting surfaces with ligands for site-specific binding through the functionalization of surfaces. By boosting particularity, reducing side effects, and tackling drug resistance, nanomedicine has the potential to revolutionize cancer treatment and ultimately advance personalized oncological care. For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.
[148] Nanoparticle-enhanced drug delivery systems: An up-to-date review — Nanoparticle-enhanced drug delivery systems: An up-to-date review - ScienceDirect Nanoparticles (NPs) are transforming drug delivery systems (DDS), offering innovative ways to enhance drug solubility, target specific cells, and control the release of therapeutic agents. The purpose of the present review is to provide an overview of the most significant advancements in the field of nanoparticles for drug delivery systems, in terms of classification, biophysical and chemical characteristics, and targeted delivery systems. Nanoparticles are widely used in current drug delivery systems because they can help solubilize, stabilize and deliver a drug to its target site, with minimal side effects and maximum therapeutic potential. Review of the efficacy of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for cancer treatment A review of biodegradable natural polymer-based nanoparticles for drug delivery applications
[149] Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery — Advertisement View all journals Search Log in Explore content About the journal Publish with us Subscribe Sign up for alerts RSS feed nature nature reviews drug discovery review articles article Review Article Published: 04 December 2020 Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery Michael J. Mitchell ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3628-22441,2,3,4,5, Margaret M. Billingsley1, Rebecca M. Haley ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7322-78291, Marissa E. Wechsler6, Nicholas A. Peppas6,7,8,9,10 & … Robert Langer ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4255-049211 Show authorsNature Reviews Drug Discovery volume 20, pages 101–124 (2021)Cite this article 352k Accesses 4430 Citations 218 Altmetric Metrics details Subjects Biomedical engineering Biotechnology Drug delivery Nanoparticles Abstract In recent years, the development of nanoparticles has expanded into a broad range of clinical applications. Nanoparticles have been developed to overcome the limitations of free therapeutics and navigate biological barriers — systemic, microenvironmental and cellular — that are heterogeneous across patient populations and diseases. As lipid-based, polymeric and inorganic nanoparticles are engineered in increasingly specified ways, they can begin to be optimized for drug delivery in a more personalized manner, entering the era of precision medicine. In this Review, we discuss advanced nanoparticle designs utilized in both non-personalized and precision applications that could be applied to improve precision therapies. We focus on advances in nanoparticle design that overcome heterogeneous barriers to delivery, arguing that intelligent nanoparticle design can improve efficacy in general delivery applications while enabling tailored designs for precision applications, thereby ultimately improving patient outcome overall.
[150] Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery: From History to Therapeutic ... — Polymeric nanoparticles are used for Tacrine delivery inside the brain, folic acid are loaded on the liposomes crossing blood–brain barrier to treat Alzheimer’s disease, while nanoemulsions and SLNP are loaded with drugs used to deliver medicines inside the targeted brain area to cure Parkinson’s disease. 99.Li Y., Wang S., Song F.X., Zhang L., Yang W., Wang H.X. A pH-sensitive drug delivery system based on folic acid-targeted HBP-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles for cancer therapy. 124.Schwarz C., Mehnert W., Lucks J.S., Muller R.H. Solid lipid nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery. 178.Arias J.L., Clares B., Morales M.E., Gallardo V., Ruiz M.A. Lipid-based drug delivery systems for cancer treatment. 209.Kamat C.D., Shmueli R.B., Connis N., Rudin C.M., Green J.J., Hann C.L. Poly(β-amino ester) Nanoparticle Delivery of TP53 Has Activity against Small Cell Lung Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo.
[165] A portrait of nanomedicine and its bioethical implications — From this perspective, the ethical considerations for nanomedicine are not novel, but have been addressed by precedents throughout the history of medicine. While these ethical challenges are not unique to nanomedicine, some require additional consideration, given the envisioned pervasive impact of nanomedicine on society.
[166] Ethical and legal challenges in nanomedical innovations: a scoping ... — Results: Results indicate that articles referencing ethical and legal issues related to nanomedical technology were concerned with six key areas: 1) harm exposure and potential risks to health, 2) consent to nano-research, 3) privacy, 4) access to nanomedical technology and potential nanomedical therapies, 5) classification of nanomedical products in relation to the research and development of nanomedical technology, and 6) the precautionary principle as it relates to the research and development of nanomedical technology. These searches produced 20 articles for this review, giving a total of 27 articles for analysis, which identified the following issues: exposure to harm and potential risks to health, consent issues related to nano-research and patient privacy, access to nanomedicine and nanomedical products, and classification of nanomedical devices and the precautionary principle.
[172] Nanomedicine first-in-human research: challenges for informed consent ... — Risks of harm, translational uncertainty, ambiguities in potential direct benefit, and long-term follow-up merit consideration in first-in-human research. Some nanomedical technologies have additional characteristics that should be addressed, including: defining and describing nanomedical interventi …
[173] Ethical issues in clinical trials involving nanomedicine — Nanotechnology raises many ethical and social issues that ... society (e.g. the knowledge gained); 3) provisions for data and safety monitoring (if appropriate) will be adequate; 4) informed consent will be properly sought and ... The therapeutic misconception may also affect the informed consent process in nanomedicine research, especially if
[174] Ethics and Nanopharmacy: Value Sensitive Design of New Drugs — Nanomedicine has triggered many discussions and concerns for scientists, philosophers, ethicists and policy-makers. ... In balancing the implicated values in these tradeoffs, moral justification of valuations is required. ... Johnson S (2009) Emerging Issues in Nanomedicine and Ethics. Nanotechnology & Society, p. 207-223, doi:10.1007/978-1
[176] Ethical and legal challenges in nanomedical innovations: a scoping ... — Results: Results indicate that articles referencing ethical and legal issues related to nanomedical technology were concerned with six key areas: 1) harm exposure and potential risks to health, 2) consent to nano-research, 3) privacy, 4) access to nanomedical technology and potential nanomedical therapies, 5) classification of nanomedical products in relation to the research and development of nanomedical technology, and 6) the precautionary principle as it relates to the research and development of nanomedical technology. These searches produced 20 articles for this review, giving a total of 27 articles for analysis, which identified the following issues: exposure to harm and potential risks to health, consent issues related to nano-research and patient privacy, access to nanomedicine and nanomedical products, and classification of nanomedical devices and the precautionary principle.
[185] Ethical Issues in Clinical Trials Involving Nanomedicine - PMC — Nanotechnology raises many ethical and social issues that are associated with many emerging technologies, such as questions concerning risks to human beings and the environment and access to the technology, and several new questions, such as the use of nanotechnology to enhance human traits,.,,, Because the physicochemical properties of nanoscale materials have not been fully studied, clinical trials involving nanomedicine present some unique challenges related to risk minimization, management and communication involving human subjects., Although these clinical trials do not raise any truly novel ethical issues, the rapid development of nanotechnology and its potentially profound social and environmental impacts, create a sense of urgency to the problems that arise and proposals for reforming the current system.
[186] Nanoparticle classification, physicochemical properties ... — Interest in nanomaterials and especially nanoparticles has exploded in the past decades primarily due to their novel or enhanced physical and chemical properties compared to bulk material. We try to provide a comprehensive overview of the different classes of nanoparticles and their novel or enhanced physicochemical properties including mechanical, thermal, magnetic, electronic, optical, and catalytic properties. Nanomaterials have different surface effects compared to micromaterials or bulk materials, mainly due to three reasons; (a) dispersed nanomaterials have a very large surface area and high particle number per mass unit, (b) the fraction of atoms at the surface in nanomaterials is increased, and (c) the atoms situated at the surface in nanomaterials have fewer direct neighbors . Nanoparticles (NPs) J Nanoparticle Res. 2012;14(4):1–10.
[187] Nanomedicine: How nanomaterials are transforming drug delivery, bio ... — Nanomedicine: How nanomaterials are transforming drug delivery, bio-imaging, and diagnosis - ScienceDirect This review article comprehensively examines the role of nanotechnology in advancing medical science, with a focus on its applications in drug delivery, diagnostics, and tissue engineering. Nanomedicine is an emerging field that harnesses the unique properties of nanomaterials to revolutionize healthcare, offering significant advances in diagnostics, targeted drug delivery, therapeutic interventions, and tissue engineering. This review comprehensively examines the various categories of nanomaterials, including metal-based (e.g., gold and silver), carbon-based (e.g., graphene and carbon nanotubes), organic (e.g., dendrimers and liposomes), and hybrid materials, highlighting their potential applications in drug delivery, bioimaging, and theranostics. For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.
[197] Navigating Safety and Toxicity Challenges in Nanomedicine ... - Springer — market surveillance mechanisms are employed to monitor the long-term efcacy and safety of nanomedicines in real-world clinical settings, facilitating ongoing evaluations of product effectiveness and patient outcomes . 2.2 Biocompatible Materials The advancement of safe nanomedicine pivots on the utilization of biocompatible
[198] Comprehensive insights into mechanism of nanotoxicity, assessment ... — Ensuring the safety of nanomaterials requires addressing gaps in toxicity data, standardizing assessment methods, and establishing clear guidelines for risk assessment and management. Safe nanomaterial usage requires understanding nanotoxicity mechanisms and creating robust evaluation methods, and overcoming regulatory difficulties.
[206] Recent Advances in Nanotherapeutics for Neurological Disorders — Promising advancements have been made in developing nanotherapies that can be combined with CRISPR/Cas9 or siRNA for a targeted approach with unique potential for clinical translation. ... Published 2023 by American Chemical Society under CC BY 4.0 license. ... Advances in nanomedicine have provided tumor-specific delivery of chemotherapeutics
[207] NMD 2023 - NMIN - Nanomedicines Innovation Network — Vancouver Nanomedicine Day 2023 will feature:. A keynote address by Pieter Cullis, who will present to us his vision of where the nanomedicine revolution will lead us; Invited talks, including by internationally renowned experts in the field of gene therapy, lipid nanoparticle analysis, optimization and therapeutic application, as well as immunotherapy and nanotoxicology
[208] Nanomedicine in cancer therapy | Signal Transduction and ... - Nature — Despite the substantial progress made in tumor-targeted nano-drug delivery over the past three decades, it remains unrealistic to expect that nanocarriers with fixed physicochemical properties (such as size, charge, and surface modifications) can achieve satisfactory outcomes in each of the three targeting stages, which have paradoxical requirements for these properties.41,42,43,44 For example, relatively large sizes (50–200 nm), near-neutral charges, and shielded cell-/organelle-targeting ligands favor nanoparticle blood circulation and tumor accumulation, while smaller sizes (<20 nm), positive charges, and re-exposed/activated targeting ligands are expected to promote tumor penetration, cellular internalization, and subcellular localization.44,45 Recently, stimuli-responsive strategies that can trigger nanoparticle shrinkage, charge conversion, and ligand exposure have been increasingly exploited to dynamically integrate multistage tumor targeting capabilities into a single nanocarrier, and thus to maximize therapeutic benefits.45,46,47 In this Review, we outline the fundamental strategies in the design of tumor tissue-, cell-, and organelle-targeted cancer nanomedicines, with an emphasis on the latest progress in hierarchical targeting technologies that can dynamically integrate these multistage static targeting to maximize their therapeutic outcomes.
[209] Emerging Frontiers and Future Directions in Nanomedicine: A ... — Despite hurdles, the future of nanomedicine appears promising, poised to revolutionize personalized medicine, elevate disease detection and treatment, and support tissue regeneration and repair.
[210] Progress, challenges, and future of nanomedicine — The current state of clinical translation of nanomedicine is unsatisfactory: the low efficiency of the clinical translation process for nanotherapeutics indicates that there remain challenges associated with safety, biological barriers, and regulation. The key to improving the efficiency of clinical translation is a deep understanding of the current landscape of nanomedicine, including common challenges and future demands for nanotherapeutic development. Considering that significant progresses have been made in the past several decades, and current research in this field is still under intensive investigation, in this review, we provide a systematic summary of the present state of nanomedicine, and discuss existing challenges and future demands for the field. Moreover, the review provides some considerations and perspectives in the research and development of nanomedicines to facilitate their translations in clinic.
[211] Tackling the challenges of nanomedicines: are we ready? — Interchangeability and substitutability of nanomedicines and nanosimilars are confounded by a lack of pharmaceutical and pharmacological equivalence, reflecting the inherent complex nature of these drug products and manufacturing processes. Consequences include implications for clinical safety and efficacy and, ultimately, comparability.
[212] Challenges in nanomedicine clinical translation | Drug Delivery and ... — Challenges in nanomedicine clinical translation | Drug Delivery and Translational Research We start off by addressing central and more general issues related to practical and clinical feasibility, followed by more specific preclinical, clinical, and pharmaceutical aspects that nanomedicinal product development entails. We believe that being more aware of the end user’s perspective already early on in the nanomedicine development path will help to better oversee the efforts and investments needed, and to take optimally informed decisions with regard to market opportunities, target disease indication, clinical trial design, therapeutic endpoints, preclinical models, and formulation specifications. This way of careful route planning and navigation through nanomedicine clinical translation is needed to help investigational nanomedicinal drug products eventually deliver on their promise of increased patient benefit.
[213] Nanomedicines modulate the tumor immune microenvironment for cancer ... — Collectively, the integration of nanomedicine into cancer immunotherapy stands as a promising avenue to tackle the intricacies of the immune tumor microenvironment. Innovations such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and cancer vaccines have shown promise. Future developments will likely optimize nanop …
[214] Cancer Nanomedicine: Emerging Strategies and Therapeutic Potentials — Meanwhile, the outlook of nanomedicine in tumor therapeutics is discussed, emphasizing the need for addressing toxicity concerns, improving drug delivery strategies, enhancing carrier stability and controlled release, simplifying nano-design, and exploring novel manufacturing technologies. 62.Chen Y., Huang Y., Li Q., Luo Z., Zhang Z., Huang H., Sun J., Zhang L., Sun R., Bain D.J. Targeting Xkr8 via nanoparticle-mediated in situ co-delivery of siRNA and chemotherapy drugs for cancer immunochemotherapy. 64.Ngamcherdtrakul W., Bejan D.S., Cruz-Muñoz W., Reda M., Zaidan H.Y., Siriwon N., Marshall S., Wang R., Nelson M.A., Rehwaldt J.P. Targeted Nanoparticle for Co-delivery of HER2 siRNA and a Taxane to Mirror the Standard Treatment of HER2+ Breast Cancer: Efficacy in Breast Tumor and Brain Metastasis.
[216] A CRISPR/Cas9 based polymeric nanoparticles to treat ... - ScienceDirect — The pairing of two (CRISPR/Cas9 and nanotechnology) has the potential for opening new avenues in therapeutic use. ... With the advent of gene editing tools based on nucleic-acid (anti-sense oligonucleotides, siRNA, ... These peptide sequences may be integrated into the host genome using somatic or gene-therapy to enhance host-defense
[217] Application of Nanoparticle-Based siRNA and CRISPR/Cas9 Delivery ... — Thus, it is necessary to further investigate how siRNA or CRISPR/Cas9 systems interact with targeted gene environments and to find ways of controlling the frequency and degree of toxic side effects to within an acceptable range. In this respect, further study of nanoparticle-based siRNA or CRISPR/Cas9 delivery-/tracing systems could be beneficial.
[218] Nanoparticle Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 for Genome Editing — The remarkable development of nanoparticles as non-viral carriers for the delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system has shown great promise for therapeutic applications. In this review, we briefly summarize the delivery components of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and report on the progress of nano-system development for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery. ... (siRNA) and
[219] Polymer-locking fusogenic liposomes for glioblastoma-targeted siRNA ... — This is because the intravenous (i.v.) delivery of short interfering RNA (siRNA) or CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes in their active form involves a complex three-step process 14,15
[221] Revolutionizing prostate cancer therapy: Artificial intelligence ... — This multimodal integration enables the design of personalized nanocarriers that target specific tumor characteristics, improving drug delivery precision and therapeutic outcomes (Zhou et al., 2024). Furthermore, AI-driven models can adapt treatment strategies in real-time based on evolving tumor dynamics, reducing the risk of drug resistance
[222] AI-Driven Innovations in Smart Multifunctional Nanocarriers for Drug ... — The convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and nanomedicine has revolutionized the design of smart multifunctional nanocarriers (SMNs) for drug and gene delivery, offering unprecedented precision, efficiency, and personalization in therapeutic applications. AI-driven approaches enhance the development of these nanocarriers by accelerating their design, optimizing drug loading and release
[223] Nanoparticles and convergence of artificial intelligence for targeted ... — Novel nanotechnology approaches are continuously investigated to enhance drug delivery; however, there are still a significant amount of challenges, such as (a) limited knowledge about NPs components and characteristics, (b) lack of uniformity of toxicity, (c) lacking standardized model systems and assays, (d) non-availability of standard protocols for synthesis; (e) lacking in efficient and advanced analytical tools; (f) gaps in understanding how NPs may impact or interact with biological systems; (g) unavailability of in vivo monitoring systems, and (h) no standardized safety guidelines (33). In addition, using AI to predict the NPs-based interaction with the target drug, tumor site, and cell membranes can provide supplementary information on drug encapsulation and drug release kinetics, optimizing nanomedicine formulation for cancer treatment (15, 16).
[245] Nanotechnology and CRISPR/Cas-Mediated Gene Therapy ... - Springer — Gene therapy has made substantial progress in the treatment of the genetic diseases, focussing on the reduction of characteristics of recessive/dominant disorders, as well as various cancers. Extensive research has been conducted in the past few decades to investigate the application of nanotechnology and CRISPR/Cas technology in gene therapy. Nanotechnology due to attributes such has targeted