Table of Contents
Overview
Definition of Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials are emerging as a revolutionary class of materials, characterized by possessing one or more dimensions in the nanometer range, which typically includes sizes from 1 to 100 nanometers. This unique size range endows nanomaterials with distinctive properties that are significantly different from those of their bulk counterparts. The term "nano" is derived from the Greek phrase "nanos," which translates to "very short men".[3.1] The characteristics of nanomaterials are primarily influenced by their shapes and sizes, which play a crucial role in determining their physical and chemical properties.[2.1] This critical overview of nanomaterials highlights their varieties, synthesis techniques, and applications across various fields, underscoring their importance in contemporary material science.[2.1] Historically, nanomaterials have emerged as a revolutionary class of materials, showcasing a wide array of applications across various fields due to their exceptional properties.[3.1] The development of nanomaterials has been marked by significant scientific milestones, tracing back to prehistoric times and evolving into modern advancements in nanotechnology.[5.1] As a result, nanomaterials exhibit the ability to alter fundamental properties based on their nanoscale dimensions, leading to numerous applications in science and technology.[4.1]Properties and Characteristics
Nanomaterials possess distinctive properties that set them apart from bulk materials, largely due to their nanoscale dimensions and high surface area-to-volume ratio. These properties include enhanced electrical, optical, mechanical, magnetic, and antimicrobial characteristics, which are pivotal for their use in fields such as electronics, energy, medicine, and environmental remediation.[7.1] The mechanical properties of nanomaterials are particularly notable, as they often exhibit increased strength, hardness, yield strength, elastic modulus, and toughness compared to their bulk counterparts. This is due to the higher density of defects, such as grain boundaries and dislocations, resulting from the increased number of surface atoms and interfaces.[10.1] These mechanical enhancements make nanomaterials ideal for applications demanding high durability and performance. The synthesis methods used to produce nanomaterials play a crucial role in defining their properties and potential applications. Techniques like the sol-gel method allow for the modulation of physicochemical properties and facilitate interactions between components at the sol stage.[30.1] Gold-based nanoparticles (Au NPs) are particularly significant in nanotechnology due to their unique optical, electronic, and catalytic properties. Synthesis methods such as chemical reduction and green synthesis are vital in determining these properties and broadening the applications of Au NPs.[31.1] Thus, selecting the appropriate synthesis method is essential for customizing the characteristics of nanomaterials to meet specific functional requirements.In this section:
History
Early Discoveries and Applications
The history of nanomaterials can be traced back to the foundational work of several key figures and discoveries that laid the groundwork for modern applications. In 1974, Japanese researcher Norio Taniguchi coined the term "nanotechnology," focusing on the manipulation of materials at the nanometer scale, which is approximately one billionth of a meter. His pioneering work emphasized the potential of manipulating materials at this scale, although the term itself did not gain widespread usage until later.[56.1] In 1980, K. Eric Drexler encountered Richard Feynman's provocative 1959 lecture, "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom," while preparing his initial scientific paper titled “Molecular Engineering: An approach to the development of general capabilities for molecular manipulation,” which was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 1981.[55.1] This encounter inspired Drexler to publish his influential book, "Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology," in 1986, where he introduced the concept of a nanoscale "assembler" capable of constructing complex structures, including copies of itself and other items of arbitrary complexity.[55.1] Drexler's work not only popularized the term "nanotechnology," which paralleled Taniguchi's "nano-technology," but also raised awareness of the potential social implications of such advancements, including concerns about the control of nanoscale machines.[57.1] The field of nanotechnology began to take shape with the introduction of key concepts and terminology. The idea of manipulating materials at the nanoscale was first proposed by theoretical physicist Richard Feynman in 1959. However, it was not until 1974 that the term "nanotechnology" was coined by Japanese scientist Norio Taniguchi. This concept gained further traction in the 1980s, particularly after the launch of the first-generation scanning tunneling microscope (STM) by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer in 1981, which allowed for unprecedented visualization and manipulation of materials at the atomic level. At that time, nanotechnology remained more or less uncharted territory, but the advancements made through the STM marked a significant turning point in the perception and potential applications of nanomaterials in both scientific and public spheres.[58.1] Nanomaterials themselves exhibit unique properties that differ markedly from their bulk counterparts, primarily due to their high surface area-to-volume ratio and quantum effects. These characteristics enable nanomaterials to perform exceptionally well in various applications, including drug delivery and energy storage.[61.1] For instance, the small size and large surface area of drug nanoparticles enhance their solubility and bioavailability, allowing them to cross biological barriers such as the blood-brain barrier and improve pharmacokinetic properties.[63.1] Inorganic nanomaterials have existed in nature long before scientists could even imagine them, although the history of science behind nanotechnology and nanomaterials is relatively short.[59.1] Recent advances have highlighted their significant potential in biological applications, particularly in cancer treatments, targeted drug delivery, and bioimaging.[64.1] These nanomaterials are being developed into various nanocarriers designed for incorporation into drug delivery systems that target specific areas using diverse therapeutic agents.[64.1] Their unique properties, such as excellent binding capacity, functionalization, biocompatibility, and high drug loading and releasing capacity, have sparked considerable interest in the medicinal and pharmaceutical fields.[64.1] To manipulate matter at such a small scale, knowledge from multiple disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science, has been essential.[59.1]Evolution of Nanotechnology
The evolution of nanotechnology is characterized by significant milestones that span from ancient practices to modern scientific advancements. Nanomaterials have naturally existed for millennia, with early humans utilizing them long before the term "nanotechnology" was established. For example, the Ancient Egyptians created lead sulfide nanoparticles for hair dye over 4,000 years ago through a synthetic chemical process.[66.1] Similarly, the reinforcement of ceramic matrices with natural asbestos nanofibers dates back more than 4,500 years.[66.1] The formal study of nanotechnology began in the 20th century, with pivotal developments in the 1930s. In 1936, Erwin Müller invented the field emission microscope, enabling visualization of materials at near-atomic resolution.[41.1] This advancement laid the groundwork for further exploration into the nanoscale realm. In 1974, Norio Taniguchi coined the term "nanotechnology," describing the precision machining of materials at atomic-scale dimensional tolerances.[41.1] The 1980s marked a turning point with K. Eric Drexler's work, who popularized nanotechnology in his 1986 book "Engines of Creation." Drexler proposed a nanoscale assembler capable of constructing complex structures at the molecular level, spurring interest and research into nanotechnology's potential applications.[42.1] As the field evolved, key milestones highlighted the scientific understanding and practical applications of nanoparticles. From their early uses in ancient artifacts to contemporary applications in medicine, environmental protection, and energy storage, nanoparticles have continuously expanded technological boundaries.[67.1] A significant development occurred in 1974 when Professor Norio Taniguchi coined the term "nanotechnology" to describe precision machining at atomic-scale tolerances.[41.1] More recently, in 2020, researchers at Rice University discovered that virtually any solid carbon source, including food scraps and old car tires, can be transformed into graphene, a material with exceptional properties suitable for high-strength plastics and flexible electronics.[41.1] These advancements underscore nanotechnology's ongoing impact across multiple sectors.In this section:
Recent Advancements
Innovations in Nanomaterials
Recent advancements in nanomaterials have significantly influenced various fields, particularly in agriculture and medicine. The integration of nanotechnology into agricultural practices has led to the development of innovative solutions aimed at enhancing crop productivity and improving soil health. Notable applications include nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and nanobiosensors, which have been shown to effectively address challenges such as soil degradation and nutrient availability, thereby promoting sustainable agricultural practices.[100.1] Nanomaterials have garnered significant attention due to their unique physical and chemical properties, which distinguish them from bulk materials and enable a variety of applications across multiple sectors, including agriculture.[85.1] Recent innovations in nanotechnology have highlighted the roles of various nanomaterials, such as nano biochar and nano clay, in improving degraded soil health and ensuring balanced nutrition for plants.[84.1] These materials can be engineered to exhibit specific properties, including electrical, optical, mechanical, and antimicrobial characteristics, which are essential for their effectiveness in agricultural applications.[85.1] Furthermore, the integration of nanotechnology into sustainable agricultural practices, such as precision and organic farming, has the potential to enhance the benefits of these materials, including the development of innovative nanoherbicides that could provide sustainable weed control.[88.1] In the realm of medicine, recent innovations have focused on the use of nanomaterials for drug delivery systems. These advancements aim to improve the efficacy and administration of medications, addressing both advantages and challenges associated with clinical applications.[86.1] The synthesis and application of nanomaterials in drug delivery highlight their versatility and potential to revolutionize treatment methodologies. Despite the promising applications of nanomaterials, there are emerging concerns regarding their environmental impact. The release of nanomaterials into the environment, particularly through agricultural practices, necessitates comprehensive risk assessments to ensure environmental health and food safety.[91.1] Understanding the environmental fate and potential toxicological risks associated with nanomaterials is essential for balancing their benefits with possible hazards.[92.1]Applications in Various Fields
Nanomaterials have significant applications across various fields, notably in energy storage and medicine, due to their distinctive physical and chemical properties. In energy storage, they enhance the performance of devices like batteries and capacitors by controlling electrochemical performance through nanostructuring. This process exploits charge storage mechanisms such as surface-based ion adsorption, pseudocapacitance, and diffusion-limited intercalation processes.[94.1] Recent advancements include the integration of nanomaterials in battery technologies like lithium-ion, sodium–sulfur, and redox flow batteries, which improve charge transport and boost the efficiency of energy storage devices, including supercapacitors.[95.1] Emerging trends such as solid-state batteries and the use of artificial intelligence for optimized energy storage are promising developments in this field.[95.1] In medicine, nanomaterials are transforming drug delivery systems, bioimaging, and diagnostics. Various nanomaterials, including carbon-based (e.g., graphene and carbon nanotubes), metal-based (e.g., gold and silver), and organic materials (e.g., dendrimers and liposomes), are utilized to enhance therapeutic efficacy and targeting capabilities.[97.1] Recent developments in nanomedicine focus on inorganic nanomaterials for targeted drug delivery and bioimaging, improving treatment specificity and effectiveness for conditions like cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.[98.1] These nanocarriers offer excellent binding capacity, functionalization, biocompatibility, and high drug loading and releasing capacity, making them effective in delivering therapeutic agents.[98.1] Additionally, green nanoparticles provide a sustainable and biocompatible approach to drug delivery, reducing the use of toxic chemicals in synthesis.[96.1]Natural Nanomaterials
Sources of Natural Nanomaterials
Natural nanomaterials have been present on Earth since its formation, originating from various natural processes over the past 4.54 billion years. These materials exist in diverse forms, including viruses, protein molecules, and minerals such as clay. Natural colloids like milk and blood, aerosols like fog, and gels such as gelatin also contribute to this variety. Additionally, mineralized materials like shells, corals, and bones, as well as structures found in insect wings and opals, are examples of natural nanomaterials.[131.1] Earth is estimated to have thousands of teragrams of natural nanomaterials circulating annually. This natural abundance is now complemented by incidental nanomaterials, which are by-products of human activities. Since the Industrial Revolution, incidental nanomaterials have become increasingly prevalent, with estimates ranging from 1 to 10 teragrams formed or delivered to the atmosphere through emissions from factories, transportation, mining activities, forest fires, and urban processes. Engineered nanomaterials contribute less than a teragram annually to this total.[132.1] The unique properties of natural nanomaterials, which differ from those of bulk materials, arise from their nanoscale dimensions. These materials exhibit distinct electrical, optical, mechanical, magnetic, and antimicrobial properties, making them valuable in various scientific and technological applications.[134.1]Examples and Their Significance
SECTION: Examples and Their SignificanceCONTENT: Natural nanomaterials (NMs) are pivotal in various industries, especially in agriculture and environmental sustainability. Viruses, as nanoscale entities composed of proteins and genetic material, exemplify natural nanomaterials with potential benefits in crop production, food packaging, and food safety by enhancing nutrient delivery and packaging properties.[151.1] In agriculture, carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) are transformative due to their low toxicity and biocompatibility. They enhance soil health by improving nutrient cycling, increasing micronutrient bioavailability, and boosting plant productivity.[138.1] The interaction of these nanomaterials with soil microorganisms is crucial, as these microbes play significant roles in nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition.[137.1] Sustainable nanomaterials also promote a circular economy by minimizing waste and ensuring resource reuse.[146.1] They are integral to green supply chains and environmental sustainability, aiding in pollutant cleanup and reducing industries' ecological footprints.[148.1] The synthesis of these nanomaterials often employs green chemistry methods, utilizing natural and renewable resources to reduce hazardous chemical usage and waste.[149.1]
Synthesis And Characterization
Methods of Synthesis
Nanomaterials can be synthesized using two primary approaches: bottom-up and top-down synthesis. Bottom-up synthesis involves assembling nanomaterials atom by atom or molecule by molecule. Prominent among these methods are chemical synthesis techniques, such as wet synthesis or solution-phase synthesis, which transform soluble species into insoluble forms, resulting in nanoparticle precipitation.[189.1] Common chemical methods include chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sol-gel processes, and biological synthesis using natural sources like microbes and plant extracts.[184.1] The sol-gel method, for instance, uses metal oxides and chlorides as precursors to create nanoparticles.[186.1] In contrast, top-down synthesis involves breaking down bulk materials into nanoscale structures. Techniques such as laser ablation, thermal decomposition, and ball milling are typical examples, characterized by their ability to reduce the size of bulk materials to produce nanoparticles.[188.1] Additionally, the inert gas condensation technique is a physical method capable of producing a variety of nanomaterials, including metallic and semiconductor nanoparticles.[186.1] The synthesis method chosen significantly affects the size, shape, and properties of the resulting nanoparticles. Factors such as material type, reactant concentrations, and environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, pH, and humidity) are crucial in determining the efficiency and characteristics of the synthesis process.[190.1] Despite advancements, challenges persist in scaling up these processes for industrial applications, as conditions for large-scale production often differ from laboratory settings, complicating the maintenance of desired quality and properties.[190.1] [205.1]Techniques for Characterization
Characterization of nanomaterials is crucial for understanding their structural and morphological properties, and several techniques are commonly employed for this purpose. Among these, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are particularly significant. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a versatile technique that provides high-quality, detailed visual images of nanomaterials with excellent spatial resolution. It is primarily used to observe surface phenomena, allowing researchers to analyze the morphology and topography of materials at the nanoscale.[198.1] SEM's ability to generate three-dimensional images of the sample surface makes it an invaluable tool in nanomaterial characterization. On the other hand, X-ray diffraction (XRD) serves as a non-destructive analytical method that reveals critical information about the atomic and molecular structure of materials. By measuring the scattering of X-rays, XRD can determine various characteristics, including phase identification, crystallinity, average crystallite size, and defects within the material.[200.1] This technique is particularly effective for assessing the crystallinity of nanomaterials, which is essential for understanding their properties and potential applications.[197.1] Characterization of nanomaterials employs various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).[196.1] SEM is particularly valuable for obtaining detailed surface images, which facilitate the analysis of the morphology of nanomaterials.[196.1] XRD, on the other hand, is a non-destructive analytical method that determines the atomic and molecular structure of materials by measuring the scattering of X-rays.[196.1] This technique provides critical information regarding a material's phases, crystalline structure, average crystallite size, strain, orientation, texture, and defects.[196.1] The integration of SEM and XRD techniques allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the structural and morphological properties of nanomaterials, thereby enhancing the overall characterization process.[196.1] Characterization techniques for nanomaterials, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), present both advantages and limitations. XRD is particularly sensitive to high atomic number (high-Z) materials, but it exhibits reduced sensitivity to low atomic number (low-Z) materials, which can impact the accuracy of the results obtained from such samples.[211.1] Additionally, XRD is characterized by low intensity of diffracted X-rays, especially for low-Z materials, which poses challenges in analysis.[211.1] To address these limitations, SAXS can be employed as a complementary technique. SAXS is effective in providing size information for nanomaterials, specifically within a range of 1 nm to 100 nm, under optimal conditions that include narrow size distributions and appropriate instrumental configurations.[212.1] The integration of these techniques enhances the overall characterization of nanomaterials, leading to a more comprehensive understanding of their properties.In this section:
Applications Of Nanomaterials
Healthcare and Medicine
Nanomaterials are defined as materials with dimensions smaller than 100 nanometers that exhibit unique physical, chemical, and mechanical properties.[225.1] These properties are crucial in various applications, particularly in electronics, where nanomaterials enable miniaturization, improved conductivity, and the introduction of new functionalities.[225.1] Notable examples of nanomaterials include carbon nanotubes, graphene, quantum dots, and nanocomposites, which have significantly improved the performance and functionality of products in both the electronics and medical device industries.[225.1] In the realm of diagnostics, nanomaterials facilitate the development of novel imaging techniques and diagnostic instruments. Their high surface area to volume ratio allows for increased loading of drugs and targeted delivery systems, which are crucial for effective treatment strategies.[230.1] For instance, nanoparticles such as gold and silver are utilized in bioimaging and theranostics, enabling precise tracking of drug delivery and disease progression.[231.1] Nanotechnology has become a significant component of the medical field, particularly through its applications in drug delivery, diagnostics, and tissue engineering, collectively known as nanomedicine. This innovative area leverages the unique properties of various nanomaterials to enhance healthcare outcomes. For instance, nanoparticles, including metal-based materials (such as gold and silver), carbon-based materials (like graphene and carbon nanotubes), and organic compounds (including dendrimers and liposomes), are being explored for their potential in targeted drug delivery and bioimaging.[216.1] The applications of nanotechnology in medicine extend to the development of novel diagnostic instruments, targeted medicinal products, pharmaceutical products, biomedical implants, and methodologies for tissue engineering.[215.1] Current research continues to investigate the diverse uses of nanotechnology in healthcare, emphasizing its transformative potential in improving diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.[216.1] Additionally, nanomaterials are instrumental in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Their unique size-dependent properties, such as quantum confinement and superparamagnetism, allow for innovative approaches in creating scaffolds that support cell growth and tissue regeneration.[230.1] This has led to advancements in the development of biomedical implants and other therapeutic devices that are more efficient and biocompatible.[224.1] The integration of nanomaterials into wearable bioelectronics further exemplifies their transformative impact on healthcare. These devices, enhanced by one- and two-dimensional nanomaterials, enable continuous health monitoring and real-time data collection, which are essential for personalized medicine.[223.1] The advancements in nano-enhanced soft sensing circuits and wearable antennas for wireless biosensing illustrate the potential of nanotechnology to revolutionize patient care and health management.[223.1]Environmental and Industrial Uses
Nanomaterials have garnered significant attention for their diverse applications in environmental and industrial sectors, primarily due to their unique physical and chemical properties that differ markedly from those of bulk materials. These materials, characterized by at least one dimension in the nanometer range (1-100 nm), exhibit enhanced properties such as increased strength, reactivity, and conductivity, which make them suitable for various applications.[229.1] Nanomaterials have attracted considerable interest across various scientific and technological fields due to their unique physical and chemical properties, which differ significantly from those of bulk materials.[215.1] These materials, typically sized between 1 to 100 nm, exhibit a high surface area that enhances their effectiveness in a wide range of applications, including catalysis and environmental remediation.[216.1] The distinctive properties of nanomaterials, such as their electrical, optical, mechanical, magnetic, and antimicrobial characteristics, make them suitable candidates for numerous technological applications.[215.1] However, the integration of nanomaterials into sensor technologies presents challenges, including toxicity assessment and scalability issues, while simultaneously offering promising opportunities for future research.[215.1] Future development may focus on creating multifunctional nanocomposites, which could enhance the detection of environmental pollutants and improve monitoring strategies.[215.1] Nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, are revolutionizing various industries due to their exceptional strength, conductivity, and adaptability.[241.1] These materials exhibit unique properties that enhance their applications across fields such as electronics and materials science.[218.1] However, the commercialization of nanomaterials encounters significant challenges, particularly in functionalization and large-scale integration.[241.1] Additionally, issues related to toxicity assessments and scalability complicate the seamless incorporation of these materials into existing infrastructures.[242.1] Despite these hurdles, the integration of nanomaterials into sensor technologies presents promising opportunities for future research and development, particularly in creating multifunctional nanocomposites.[242.1] Addressing these challenges is crucial for maximizing the potential of nanomaterials in industrial applications.[241.1]In this section:
Challenges And Limitations
Potential Risks and Safety Concerns
Nanomaterials offer significant technological advancements but also pose potential risks and safety concerns. Their unpredictable behavior, due to uncertainties in shape, size, and chemical composition, can adversely impact the environment and human health [277.1]. The environmental fate of nanoparticles, including their transport and transformation, raises concerns about long-term effects on ecosystems [277.2]. Handling nanomaterials presents additional challenges. While it may not be feasible to replace them with conventional alternatives, modifying properties such as size, shape, and surface charge can enhance safety profiles while maintaining functionality [258.1]. Improved handling procedures, like using slurries or suspensions instead of dry powders, can significantly reduce dust exposure and associated health risks [258.2]. The rapid increase in engineered nanoparticles has heightened concerns about their environmental impact [279.1]. As production and application expand, industry stakeholders are urged to prioritize environmental sustainability throughout the lifecycle of these materials, from design and manufacturing to disposal [280.1]. Developing comprehensive regulatory frameworks is essential for responsible innovation and minimizing adverse effects on ecosystems and human health [280.2]. In response, green nanoscience has emerged, promoting the development of environmentally friendly nanoproducts [278.1]. This approach emphasizes understanding the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials and their interactions with pollutants to better assess environmental impact [278.2]. Addressing these potential risks and safety concerns is crucial for the sustainable advancement of nanotechnology.Regulatory and Ethical Considerations
The regulatory landscape for nanomaterials is complex and evolving, requiring a careful balance between fostering innovation and ensuring public safety. Current frameworks, such as those established by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), aim to assess the safety and health risks associated with nanomaterials in consumer products under existing statutes like the Consumer Product Safety Act (CPSA) and the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA).[260.1] However, these regulations often face challenges due to the unique properties of nanomaterials, which can differ significantly from their conventional counterparts, complicating safety evaluations.[275.1] The introduction of new nanomaterials necessitates adequate risk assessments and effective risk communication measures.[261.1] Regulatory frameworks must adapt to the specific challenges posed by nanotechnology, including the lack of global standardization in nomenclature and testing methods.[274.1] Collaboration among stakeholders, including researchers, industry leaders, and policymakers, is crucial for addressing the complexities of nanomaterial regulation.[289.1] The regulatory pyramid concept underscores the need for a range of regulatory tools, from self-regulation to prescriptive legislation, to manage the risks associated with nanomaterials effectively.[262.1] Policymakers are encouraged to implement post-market surveillance systems to monitor the safety of nanotechnology-enabled products, ensuring ongoing compliance with safety standards.[263.1] Despite these efforts, significant challenges remain, particularly in defining nanomaterials and addressing analytical difficulties that hinder effective classification under existing regulations.[276.1] As regulatory frameworks evolve, they must remain adaptable and transparent, fostering innovation while safeguarding human health and the environment.[272.1] Integrating safe-by-design principles during the early stages of research and development can further mitigate potential risks associated with nanomaterials.[293.1]In this section:
Future Trends
Emerging Technologies in Nanomaterials
Emerging technologies in nanomaterials are set to significantly influence various sectors, especially energy applications. Recent advancements in inorganic multifunctional nanomaterials demonstrate their versatility and potential to transform energy storage, conservation, transmission, and conversion, playing a crucial role in addressing societal challenges related to energy utilization.[295.1] The global nanomaterials market is anticipated to grow substantially, with a valuation of USD 12.6 billion in 2023 and a projected increase to USD 51.5 billion by 2033, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 15.1% during this period.[298.1] Nanotechnology enhances material science by enabling precise manipulation at the nanoscale, improving functionality across various industries. Innovations such as nano-coatings provide enhanced durability and self-healing properties, while semiconductor nanodevices in photovoltaic cells improve solar energy conversion efficiency through better light absorption and electron mobility.[297.1] Furthermore, nanotechnology is pivotal in advancing sustainable energy solutions, enhancing the efficiency of renewable energy sources, and facilitating breakthroughs in energy storage and distribution.[299.1] Green nanotechnology (GNT) integrates sustainability principles with nanotechnology, focusing on minimizing environmental and health impacts. This approach emphasizes developing nanomaterials with low toxicity and recyclability, thereby reducing pollution and supporting environmental conservation.[300.1] Nanomaterials also contribute to energy-efficient processes and innovative solutions for environmental challenges, underscoring their potential to address pressing environmental issues and promote a more sustainable future.[302.1] Despite these advancements, the commercial use of nanomaterials in energy storage devices remains limited, with notable exceptions such as multiwall carbon nanotube additives in lithium-ion batteries.[301.1] To fully harness the potential of nanotechnology while safeguarding the environment, robust regulatory frameworks must be developed to assess the risks associated with nanomaterials and establish guidelines for their production, use, and disposal.[304.1] Industry stakeholders are encouraged to prioritize environmental sustainability in the design and manufacturing of nanotechnology-based products, ensuring that the benefits of these innovations do not come at the expense of ecological health.[305.1]In this section:
References
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[3] PDF — 1.1 Historical Overview Nanomaterials are arising as a revolutionary class of materials, unfolding a wide range of applications, by possessing the size or one or all of the dimensions in the nanometer range with unique properties. The word "Nano" is originated from the Greek phrase "nanos," which is defined as very short men. The astonishing history of nanomaterials reveals that they
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[59] History of nanomaterials and nanotechnology - ECHA — Nanomaterials have existed in nature long before scientists could even imagine them. The history of science behind nanotechnology and nanomaterials is, however, relatively short. To manipulate matter at such a small scale, knowledge from many fields, such as physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science has had to be combined.
[61] Unique Properties | part of Essentials in Nanoscience and ... — Summary The unique properties of nanomaterials are attributed to quantum effects, larger surface area, and self‐assembly. Quantum effects can begin to dominate the behavior of matter at the nanoscale particularly at the lower end affecting the optical, electrical, and magnetic behavior of materials. This is attributed to the fact that matter at nanoscale no longer follows Newtonian
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[64] Recent advances in nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems — Recent advances in nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems - ScienceDirect Inorganic nanomaterials have received a lot of interest for biological applications, including cancer treatments, targeted drug delivery and bioimaging. They are being used to produce several nanomaterial nanocarriers, designed for incorporation into drug delivery systems targeting specific areas using diverse therapeutic agents and bioimaging/diagnosis . Inorganic-based nanomaterials for drug delivery systems This review dives into various (nano)platform applications, like drug and gene delivery, advanced nanocarriers and immunotherapy in bladder cancer Drug carrier nanomaterials like inorganic-based, carbon-based and silica-based ones show unique benefits in drug delivery systems due to their nature of excellent binding capacity, functionalization, biocompatibility, bioavailability, biodegradability, bioaccessibility and high drug loading and releasing capacity, which has sparked considerable interest in the medicinal or pharmaceutical fields.
[66] Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources ... — History and development of nanomaterials Humans already exploited the reinforcement of ceramic matrixes by including natural asbestos nanofibers more than 4,500 years ago [ 22 ]. The Ancient Egyptians were also using NMs more than 4000 years ago based on a synthetic chemical process to synthesize ≈5 nm diameter PbS NPs for hair dye [ 23 ].
[67] 10 Key Milestones in the History of Nanoparticles - HealthCarter — The key milestones in the history of nanoparticles highlight the evolution of scientific understanding and practical applications of these tiny particles. From early uses in ancient artifacts to cutting-edge applications in medicine, environmental protection, and energy storage, nanoparticles have continuously pushed the boundaries of what is
[84] Recent advances in nanomaterials based sustainable agriculture: An overview — Therefore, this review discusses recent innovations on applications of nanotechnology in agriculture including roles of several nanomaterials such as nano biochar, nano clay, nano nutrients, etc. for the improvement of degraded soil health for ensuring balanced nutrition to the plants and its microenvironment have also been discussed thoroughly.
[85] Nanomaterials: types, properties, recent advances, and toxicity ... — Abstract Nanomaterials have shown exciting applications in different areas of science and technology because of their special physical and chemical properties compared with bulk materials. Depending on their type, size, shape, and structure, nanomaterials demonstrate a range of unique electrical, optical, mechanical, magnetic, and antimicrobial properties, which have led to many interesting technological applications. This review provides a summary of the classification, synthesis methods, and properties of nanomaterials. In the end, a brief overview of the environmental health and safety considerations associated with nanomaterials is provided.
[86] Recent Advancements in the Application of Nanomaterial in Modern Drug ... — The fundamental ideas of this chapter are the recent updates in nanomedicine and drug delivery systems based on nanomaterials, synthesis, and application for improving drug delivery and efficacy. Advantages and difficulties of using nanomaterials for medication administration in clinical settings are also discussed.
[88] Applicability of Nanomaterials in Agriculture | SpringerLink — The incorporation of nanotechnology into other sustainable agricultural methods, such as precision farming and organic farming, may increase the benefits of nanomaterials in agriculture (Zhang et al., 2024): Promising developments in nanoherbicides with innovative mechanisms of action could lead to long-term, sustainable weed control.
[91] Nanotechnology in agriculture: Opportunities, toxicological ... — Emerging concerns: despite the promising potential of nanotechnology in the agri-food sector, there are still potential toxicological hazards and risks. Release of nanomaterials into the environment may occur when they are used as nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, as well as in applications for pollutant detection, cleanup, and water treatment.
[92] Environmental applications and risks of nanomaterials: An introduction ... — 1.2. Environmental fate and risks of nanomaterials. Knowledge of the (long-range) transport and fate of NPs in the environment is needed to assess potential risks or to optimize beneficial applications. Many processes and factors that influence the ecotoxicity and migration of NPs are incompletely quantified.
[94] Energy storage: The future enabled by nanomaterials | Science — The success of nanomaterials in energy storage applications has manifold aspects. Nanostructuring is becoming key in controlling the electrochemical performance and exploiting various charge storage mechanisms, such as surface-based ion adsorption, pseudocapacitance, and diffusion-limited intercalation processes. The development of new high-performance materials, such as redox-active
[95] Nanomaterials for Energy Storage Systems—A Review - MDPI — All Journals This review paper investigates the crucial role of nanotechnology in advancing energy storage technologies, with a specific focus on capacitors and batteries, including lithium-ion, sodium–sulfur, and redox flow. While challenges such as cost-effectiveness and environmental concerns persist, the outlook for nanotechnology in energy storage remains promising, with emerging trends including solid-state batteries and the integration of nanomaterials with artificial intelligence for optimized energy storage. The unique properties of nanomaterials also improve charge transport within energy storage devices, boosting the efficiency and performance of batteries and supercapacitors . We delve into the various ways nanomaterials are being integrated into different energy storage systems, including a range of battery technologies such as lithium-ion batteries (LiBs), sodium–sulfur (Na-S) batteries, and redox flow batteries. International Journal of Molecular Sciences
[96] Nanomedicine and drug delivery: A comprehensive review of applications ... — Recent developments include the integration of various nanomaterials such as carbon dots, nanorobots, dendrimers, liposomes, micelles, and metal-based nanoparticles, each offering unique properties that enhance drug delivery, targeting, and overall therapeutic efficacy. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate recent advancements in nanomedicine, particularly focusing on nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems, their biomedical applications, and the challenges associated with their clinical translation. These green nanoparticles offer a more sustainable and biocompatible approach compared to conventional methods, as they minimize the use of toxic chemicals in synthesis and provide additional therapeutic benefits due to the bioactive compounds from the natural sources used in their preparation.Secondly, the review discusses the diverse biomedical applications of nanomedicine in treating various diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, ophthalmological conditions, and antibiotic resistance.
[97] Nanomedicine: How nanomaterials are transforming drug delivery, bio ... — Nanomedicine: How nanomaterials are transforming drug delivery, bio-imaging, and diagnosis - ScienceDirect This review article comprehensively examines the role of nanotechnology in advancing medical science, with a focus on its applications in drug delivery, diagnostics, and tissue engineering. Nanomedicine is an emerging field that harnesses the unique properties of nanomaterials to revolutionize healthcare, offering significant advances in diagnostics, targeted drug delivery, therapeutic interventions, and tissue engineering. This review comprehensively examines the various categories of nanomaterials, including metal-based (e.g., gold and silver), carbon-based (e.g., graphene and carbon nanotubes), organic (e.g., dendrimers and liposomes), and hybrid materials, highlighting their potential applications in drug delivery, bioimaging, and theranostics. For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.
[98] Recent advances in nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems — Recent advances in nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems - ScienceDirect Inorganic nanomaterials have received a lot of interest for biological applications, including cancer treatments, targeted drug delivery and bioimaging. They are being used to produce several nanomaterial nanocarriers, designed for incorporation into drug delivery systems targeting specific areas using diverse therapeutic agents and bioimaging/diagnosis . Inorganic-based nanomaterials for drug delivery systems This review dives into various (nano)platform applications, like drug and gene delivery, advanced nanocarriers and immunotherapy in bladder cancer Drug carrier nanomaterials like inorganic-based, carbon-based and silica-based ones show unique benefits in drug delivery systems due to their nature of excellent binding capacity, functionalization, biocompatibility, bioavailability, biodegradability, bioaccessibility and high drug loading and releasing capacity, which has sparked considerable interest in the medicinal or pharmaceutical fields.
[100] Nanotechnology in agriculture: Current status, challenges and future ... — This article reviews the recent developments on applications of nanotechnology in agriculture including crop production and protection with emphasis on nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, nanobiosensors and nano-enabled remediation strategies for contaminated soils. Therefore, research concerning applications of nanotechnology for agriculture has gained significant attention during the recent years (Parisi et al., 2015; Kah et al., 2019). In the first part of this review, different uses of nanomaterials (NMs) in agriculture, such as nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, nanobiosensors and NMs for soil remediation via biotic and abiotic pathways, are critically evaluated. This review is aimed to provide a unique reference for researchers working in different disciplines of nano-enabled agriculture to highlight the opportunities and future research directions for nanotechnology in agriculture and food security.
[131] Nanomaterials: An overview of synthesis, classification ... — 2.1.1 Natural nanomaterials Natural nanomaterials can be found in a variety of forms in nature, including viruses, protein molecules, minerals like clay, natural colloids like milk and blood (liquid colloids), fog (aerosol type), gelatin (gel type), mineralized natural materials like shells, corals, and bones, insect wings and opals, spider
[132] Natural, incidental, and engineered nanomaterials and their impacts on ... — Earth has thousands of terragrams of natural nanomaterials moving around the planet annually. This is now accompanied by 1 to 10 Tg of incidental nanomaterials formed in or delivered to the atmosphere from, for example, factory and transportation emissions, mining, forest fires, and urban processes, as well as less than a terragram annually from engineered nanomaterials that make their way
[134] Nanomaterials: types, properties, recent advances, and toxicity ... — Abstract Nanomaterials have shown exciting applications in different areas of science and technology because of their special physical and chemical properties compared with bulk materials. Depending on their type, size, shape, and structure, nanomaterials demonstrate a range of unique electrical, optical, mechanical, magnetic, and antimicrobial properties, which have led to many interesting technological applications. This review provides a summary of the classification, synthesis methods, and properties of nanomaterials. In the end, a brief overview of the environmental health and safety considerations associated with nanomaterials is provided.
[137] Impact of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials on Soil Microbiomes and ... - Springer — Uptake of the nanomaterials by the soil microbes sets an important area in understanding the interaction of nanomaterials with a soil ecosystem because soil microbes are the executors of the major functions in the cycling of nutrients, decomposition of organic matter, and health of soils . Functional traits of microbes have the potential to
[138] Effect of Carbon Nanomaterials on Soil and Plant Microbiome — Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) are emerging as transformative tools in agriculture due to their exceptional properties, including low toxicity, biocompatibility, and enhanced electron mobility. These materials hold promise for improving soil health, boosting plant productivity, and addressing key challenges in modern farming. CNMs have been shown to enhance plant germination, nutrient uptake, and
[146] Sustainable nanomaterials' role in green supply chains and ... — Sustainable nanomaterials play a pivotal role in promoting a c ircular economy, a system aimed at elimi nating waste and the continual use of resources. This approach contrasts with
[148] Green Nanomaterials Nanotechnology: Sustainability, Applications, and ... — Applications of Green Nanomaterials Nanotechnology. Using green nanomaterials in various sectors shows their significant potential for creating sustainable solutions. Let's delve into some key applications. Environmental Remediation. Green nanomaterials play a crucial role in cleaning up environmental pollutants.
[149] Emerging Trends in Smart and Sustainable Nano-Biosensing: The Role of ... — A green process normally incorporates natural and renewable resources such as herbal polyphenols, microorganisms, and agricultural by-products to synthesize nanomaterials in a low environmental impact manner. Green chemistry methods reduce the usage of hazardous chemicals and waste, making the production of nanomaterials more sustainable.
[151] Exploring the Wonders of Natural Nanomaterials — Examples of Natural Nanomaterials: Viruses: Viruses are naturally occurring nanoscale entities composed of proteins and genetic material. ... Agriculture and Food Industry: Natural nanomaterials offer potential benefits in crop production, food packaging, and food safety by improving nutrient delivery, enhancing packaging properties, and
[184] Methods of Chemical Synthesis in the Synthesis of Nanomaterial and ... — Chemical synthesis methods are also referred to as wet synthesis methods or solution-phase synthesis. During this process, soluble species become insoluble or insoluble and precipitate. Since chemical methods of nanomaterial synthesis have a bottom-up approach, so with the help of this method, nanostructured engineering, as well as surface
[186] A comprehensive review of nanomaterials synthesis: Physical, chemical ... — A comprehensive review of nanomaterials synthesis: Physical, chemical, and biological approaches and emerging challenges - ScienceDirect Conversely, nanotechnology encompasses the synthesis, manipulation, and utilization of nanomaterials (Kumar et al., 2024). This strategy is regarded as a physical way to make NPs. The following are examples of top-down methods for producing silver NPs: laser ablation, thermal breakdown, sputtering, ultrasonic spray pyrolysis, lithography, evaporation-condensation, gamma irradiation, and ball milling (Ahmed et al., 2016; Gomathi et al., 2020). Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sol-gel procedures, spinning, pyrolysis, and biological synthesis are examples of bottom-up approaches (Kiranakumar et al., 2022; Resen et al., 2023). An important field of nanotechnology that is constantly developing is "green synthesis," which synthesizes NPs from natural sources like microbes, plant extracts, or plant biomass (Nagime et al., 2024c).
[188] Nanomaterials: An overview of synthesis, classification ... — It is the process by which a suitable chemical solution serves as a precursor. Metal oxide and chloride are common sol-gel method precursors. Metal oxides and chlorides are the most common sol-gel precursors. 3.2.2 Spinning method. The synthesis of nanoparticles by spinning is carried out by a spinning disc reactor (SDR).
[189] Nanomaterials Synthesis: Bottom-Up And Top-Down Approaches — Nanomaterials synthesis encompasses the processes through which materials at the nanoscale are created. The significance of nanomaterials in the fields of material science and Nanotechnology is profound. Bottom-up synthesis refers to a methodology in material science where nanomaterials are constructed atom by atom or molecule by molecule. Top-down synthesis refers to the creation of nanomaterials by breaking down bulk materials into smaller, nanoscale structures. In summary, the understanding of both bottom-up and top-down approaches to nanomaterials synthesis reveals critical insights into how materials can be designed at the nanoscale. Grasping these synthesis techniques is essential for advancing material science. Free Science, Materials Science, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Semiconductors and Optoelectronics Free Science, Materials Synthesis and Processing Materials Science Menu Toggle Materials Science Menu Toggle
[190] Physical methods for preparation of nanomaterials, their ... — There are several factors that influence the efficiency of different methods for producing nanomaterials, such as the type of materials used (organic, inorganic, metallic, non-metallic, ceramic, polymer, or semiconductor), the concentrations of the reacting materials, the type of method used (physical, chemical, or biological), the reaction time, temperatures, pH, and humidity. Among the physical methods used to produce nanomaterials and nanoparticles are the following: The Inert gas condensation technique is used to produce a wide range of nanomaterials, including metallic materials, alloys, semiconductors, metal nanoparticles, and their oxide nanoparticles . XRD was utilized to confirm the crystalline nature of the nanomaterials, stress measurement, phase analysis, chemical characterization, structural analysis, size, and shape of the nanoparticles .
[196] An Overview of Nanomaterial Characterization Methods — Methods frequently utilized for nanomaterial characterization include scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). 1 Scanning Electron Microscopy
[197] Characterization of Nanomaterials: X-ray Diffraction Method, Electron ... — Characterization of Nanomaterials: X-ray Diffraction Method, Electron Microscopy and Light Scattering Bichitra Nandi Ganguly This chapter reviews methods to illuminate the molecular architecture of nanoparticles through special high resolution techniques such as X-ray diffraction studies (XRD), which is used to examine the crystallinity of a sample, the powder diffraction method which assesses
[198] Scanning Electron Microscopy: Principle and Applications in ... — Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is an important electron microscopy technique that is capable of achieving a detailed visual image of a particle with high-quality and spatial resolution. SEM is a multipurpose state-of-the-art instrument which is largely employed to observe the surface phenomena of the materials.
[200] Tutorial on Powder X-ray Diffraction for Characterizing Nanoscale ... — Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a common characterization technique for nanoscale materials. Analysis of a sample by powder XRD provides important information that is complementary to various microscopic and spectroscopic methods, such as phase identification, sample purity, crystallite size, and, in some cases, morphology.
[205] Scalable Synthesis of Nanomaterials - SpringerLink — The industrial scale preparation of nanomaterials needs to defeat great challenges. Even though there have been a great number of synthetic procedures that have been proposed by investigators around the world, the conditions for the large-scale industrial production are not necessarily the same for the preparation at the laboratory scale.
[211] PDF — Characterization of Nanomaterials (Structural Characterization, XRD) ... Powder X-ray diffraction of a series of InP nanocrystal sizes. ... (1996)7212] • Disadvantages of XRD, (Compared to Electron Diffraction)-Low intensity of diffracted X-rays - Particularly for low-Z materials • XRD is more sensitive to high-Z materials
[212] Challenges in Nanomaterial Characterization - From Definition to ... — Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a technique that allows to obtain size information of nanomaterials and it is based on the interaction between X-rays and matter. Its working range is one of the narrower (1 nm to 100 nm) although under certain conditions (narrow size distributions, appropriate instrumental configuration, and idealized
[215] Nanomaterials history, classification, unique properties, production ... — Nanomaterials history, classification, unique properties, production and market - ScienceDirect This chapter discusses the history and development of nanomaterials and nanotechnology, different types and classes of NMs, state of the production, the physicochemical properties of NMs including size, optoelectronic, toxicity, self aggregation and so on. Nanomaterials: A review of synthesis methods, properties, recent progress, and challenges Nanomaterials: Classification, properties, and environmental toxicities Nanomaterials (NMs) are gaining significance in technological applications due to their tunable chemical, physical, and mechanical properties and enhanced performance when compared with their bulkier counterparts. 2020, Nanomaterials 2022, Nanomaterials Applications of nanomaterials Cookies are used by this site. Cookie settings Functional Cookies Functional Cookies These cookies may be set through our site by our advertising partners.
[216] History and Development of Nanomaterial Research — History and Development of Nanomaterial Research | Encyclopedia MDPI Jeevanandam, J.; Barhoum, A.; Chan, Y.S.; Dufresne, A.; Danquah, M.K. Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: History, sources, toxicity and regulations. However, based on some features common to all kinds of nanostructures, the following definition could be developed:"Nanostructures are artificial or natural tiny solid corpuscles, belonging to the microscopic world and precisely to the nanoscopic dimensional scale (that is, 10-9m), that are characterized by anomalous chemical and physical properties in comparison with the corresponding bulk (massive) solid phases, because of effects like: quantum-confinement, band structure discretization, prevalence of surface on bulk matter, change of the prevaling type of surface atoms, high surface free energy content, etc. "History and Development of Nanomaterial Research" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/19240 (accessed March 22, 2025).
[218] What are Nanomaterials : Properties & Their Applications — Nanomaterials : Properties, Classification, Advantages & Their Applications You are here: Home / Electronics / What are Nanomaterials : Properties & Their Applications What are Nanomaterials : Properties & Their Applications The property of the materials changes when the bulk is split into small sizes. The nanoscale materials possess unique properties in the fields of electronic, optical or mechanical, etc…Even in ancient days, these materials are used as dyes in ceramics. What are Nanomaterials? The particles are made with extremely tiny materials to possess unique physical as well as chemical properties is referred to as nanomaterial. Nanomaterials These materials don’t have any dimensions. Zero Dimension Nanomaterials Two Dimension Nanomaterials The application of nanomaterials are
[223] Wearable bioelectronics based on emerging nanomaterials for telehealth ... — This article reviews the latest advances and challenges in nanomaterial-enhanced wearable bioelectronics and their applications in next-generation human health monitoring. It focuses on emerging one- and two-dimensional nanomaterials employed in nanomaterial-driven wearable devices, such as nano-enhanced soft sensing circuits and wearable antennas for wireless biosensing. The review highlights
[224] Applications of nanotechnology in medical field: a brief review — Applications of nanotechnology in medical field: a brief review - ScienceDirect Skip to main contentSkip to article Journals & Books Help Search My account Sign in View PDF Download full issue Search ScienceDirect Global Health Journal Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2023, Pages 70-77 REVIEW Applications of nanotechnology in medical field: a brief review Author links open overlay panelAbid Haleem a, Mohd Javaid a, Ravi Pratap Singh b, Shanay Rab c, Rajiv Suman d Show more Add to Mendeley Share Cite https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glohj.2023.02.008Get rights and content Under a Creative Commons license open access Abstract Nanotechnology has extensive application as nanomedicine in the medical field. Some nanoparticles have possible applications in novel diagnostic instruments, imagery and methodologies, targeted medicinal products, pharmaceutical products, biomedical implants, and tissue engineering. The study discusses different types of Nanoparticles used in the medical field. This paper discusses nanotechnology applications in the medical field. The current research includes several possible Nanotechnology uses in the medical field.
[225] Nanomaterials in Electronics - Platforma Przemysłu Przyszłości — Nanomaterials are materials with dimensions smaller than 100 nm that exhibit unique physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. In electronics, they enable miniaturisation, improved conductivity, and the introduction of new functionalities. Examples: carbon nanotubes, graphene, quantum dots, nanocomposites.
[229] Nanomaterials: Tiny Titans of Engineering - Turn2Engineering — What are Nanomaterials? Nanomaterials are substances with at least one dimension between 1 and 100 nanometers, where their size unlocks unique physical, chemical, and mechanical traits. Unlike bulk materials, their high surface-area-to-volume ratio amplifies properties like strength or reactivity.
[230] Nanomaterials in medicine - An overview - ScienceDirect — Nanomaterials in medicine – An overview - ScienceDirect Nanomaterials in medicine – An overview In the present review article, we summarize about the latest developments evidenced in the nanomaterials with less toxicity and more efficiency which find its suitability in the field of diagnosis, imaging systems, disease therapy, drug delivery and tissue engineering. The nanomaterials have high surface area to volume ratio that helps in the high loading of drugs . Quantum confinement in semiconductors and super paramagnetism in magnetic materials are referred as size dependent properties which enables the nanomaterials to be used in medicinal field. The nanomaterials are P.J.M. Valk et al. 2023, Nanomaterials 2023, Nanomaterials Advance Applications of Nanomaterials: A Review Nanomaterials regenerative medicine and tissue engineering
[231] Nanomedicine: How nanomaterials are transforming drug delivery, bio ... — Nanomedicine: How nanomaterials are transforming drug delivery, bio-imaging, and diagnosis - ScienceDirect This review article comprehensively examines the role of nanotechnology in advancing medical science, with a focus on its applications in drug delivery, diagnostics, and tissue engineering. Nanomedicine is an emerging field that harnesses the unique properties of nanomaterials to revolutionize healthcare, offering significant advances in diagnostics, targeted drug delivery, therapeutic interventions, and tissue engineering. This review comprehensively examines the various categories of nanomaterials, including metal-based (e.g., gold and silver), carbon-based (e.g., graphene and carbon nanotubes), organic (e.g., dendrimers and liposomes), and hybrid materials, highlighting their potential applications in drug delivery, bioimaging, and theranostics. For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.
[241] Integrating Nanomaterials: Overview, Challenges, and Solutions — Nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene are revolutionizing industries with their unmatched strength, conductivity, and adaptability. However, their commercialization faces hurdles, primarily due to challenges in functionalization and large-scale integration.
[242] Hybrid Nanomaterials: A Brief Overview of Versatile Solutions for ... — Abstract The integration of nanomaterials into sensor technologies not only poses challenges but also opens up promising prospects for future research. These challenges include assessing the toxicity of nanomaterials, scalability issues, and the seamless integration of these materials into existing infrastructures. Future development opportunities lie in creating multifunctional nanocomposites
[258] Nanomaterials - Wikipedia — While the nanomaterials themselves often cannot be eliminated or substituted with conventional materials, it may be possible to choose properties of the nanoparticle such as size, shape, functionalization, surface charge, solubility, agglomeration, and aggregation state to improve their toxicological properties while retaining the desired functionality. Handling procedures can also be improved, for example, using a nanomaterial slurry or suspension in a liquid solvent instead of a dry powder will reduce dust exposure. Engineering controls are physical changes to the workplace that isolate workers from hazards, mainly ventilation systems such as fume hoods, gloveboxes, biosafety cabinets, and vented balance enclosures. Administrative controls are changes to workers' behavior to mitigate a hazard, including training on best practices for safe handling, storage, and disposal of nanomaterials, proper awareness of hazards through labeling and warning signage, and encouraging a general safety culture.
[260] PDF — Evaluation of Consumer Products The potential safety and health risks of nanomaterials, as with other compounds that are incorporated into consumer products, can be assessed under existing CPSC statutes, regulations and guidelines. Neither the Consumer Product Safety Act (CPSA) nor the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA) requires the pre
[261] Nanomaterials: certain aspects of application, risk assessment and risk ... — Development and market introduction of new nanomaterials trigger the need for an adequate risk assessment of such products alongside suitable risk communication measures. Current application of classical and new nanomaterials is analyzed in context of regulatory requirements and standardization for chemicals, food and consumer products.
[262] Nanomaterial Risk Assessment and Risk Management — Here we review current nanomaterial risk management frameworks and related documents, with a focus on identifying and assessing gaps in their coverage. We do so using a regulatory pyramid, with self-regulation at the pyramid base and prescriptive legislation at its apex. We find that appropriate regulatory tools, especially at the bottom of the
[263] How to Create a Regulatory Framework for Nanotechnology that Balances ... — How to Create a Regulatory Framework for Nanotechnology that Balances Innovation and Safety - HogoNext How to Create a Regulatory Framework for Nanotechnology that Balances Innovation and Safety This article will provide a comprehensive guide on how to create a regulatory framework for nanotechnology that balances the need for innovation with the need for safety. Post-Market Surveillance: Implement post-market surveillance systems to monitor the safety of nanomaterials and nanotechnology-enabled products once they are on the market. Development of Standards: Support the development of international standards for nanomaterials and nanotechnology-enabled products. By adhering to the principles of science-based regulation, risk proportionality, adaptability, transparency, and international harmonization, policymakers can create a framework that fosters the responsible development and application of nanotechnology while protecting human health and the environment.
[272] Ensuring Safety: Regulatory Frameworks for Advanced Nanomaterials — As regulatory frameworks are being developed to ensure the safe production and use of nanomaterials, their relevance to Advanced Nanomaterials becomes increasingly critical, enabling innovation while safeguarding public health and the environment. Understanding these regulations is essential for stakeholders to navigate compliance and promote
[274] Regulatory landscape of nanotechnology and... : Regulatory Toxicology ... — Overview on current regulatory framework of various regulatory bodies on nanotechnology and nanoplastics. Main regulatory challenges are the lack of global standardisation of nomenclature, test methods or characterisation. Research on micro-/nanoplastics to be intensified taking into account results available in the area of nanomaterials.
[275] FDA's Approach to Regulation of Nanotechnology Products — As a public health agency using scientific information to make regulatory decisions about products ranging from cosmetics to chemotherapy agents to food packaging, FDA has long encountered the combination of promise, risk, and uncertainty that accompanies emerging technologies. The application of nanotechnology may result in product attributes that differ from those of conventionally-manufactured products, and thus evaluations of safety or effectiveness of FDA-regulated products that include nanomaterials or otherwise involve the application of nanotechnology should consider the unique properties and behaviors that nanomaterials may exhibit. By enhancing its scientific expertise and tools necessary to assess the safety and, as applicable, effectiveness of products (see FDA’s nanotechnology regulatory science research plan), FDA can enable the responsible development of products with new and beneficial properties.
[276] Legal and practical challenges in classifying nanomaterials according ... — Furthermore, the definitions pose major and so far unsolved analytical challenges that, in practice, make it nearly impossible to classify nanomaterials according to EU regulatory requirements. An important purpose of the regulations, the protection of human health and the environment, may remain unfulfilled and the development of innovative
[277] Environmental impacts of nanomaterials - PubMed — However, due to the uncertainties and irregularities in shape, size, and chemical compositions, the presence of certain nanomaterials may exert adverse impacts on the environment as well as human health. Concerns have thus been raised about the destiny, transport, and transformation of nanoparticles released into the environment.
[278] Environmental impacts of nanomaterials - ScienceDirect — A critical evaluation of the current states of knowledge regarding the exposure and effects of nanomaterials on the environment and human health is discussed in this review. Hence, green nanoscience has been proposed to lessen conceivable environmental and human health hazards from the creation and utilization of NMs and to advance supplanting existing items with new nano-products that are more ecologically benevolent (Iavicoli et al., 2014). The destiny of NMs in the environment is controlled by the combined effects of their physicochemical properties, and their interactions with other pollutants (Maiti et al., 2016). Nanomaterials: Applications, waste-handling, environmental toxicities, and future challenges - A review
[279] The impact of engineered nanomaterials on the environment: Release ... — The impact of engineered nanoparticles on the environment is a growing concern around the world, as the use of nanosized materials has increased exponentially in recent years. Nanoparticles are ultrafine particles, where one of their dimensions falls in the range of 1-100 nm ( Ahmed et al., 2017 ).
[280] PDF — Industry stakeholders have a responsibility to prioritize environmental sustainability in the design, manufacturing and disposal of nanomaterials and nanotechnology-based products. Developing comprehensive regulatory frameworks that address the environmental risks associated with nanomaterials can ensure their responsible development, use and disposal while fostering innovation and Pharmaceut Reg Affairs, Volume 09:03, 2024 Page 2 of 2 Martin B. By understanding the risks posed by nanomaterials, implementing proactive risk management strategies and fostering responsible innovation, we can harness the potential of nanotechnology while safeguarding the environment for current and future generations. In conclusion, addressing the environmental impact of nanomaterials is essential for ensuring the sustainable advancement of nanotechnology and minimizing its adverse effects on ecosystems and human health.
[289] Stakeholder Involvement - Nanotechnology — Stakeholders in nanotechnology encompass a broad spectrum of individuals and entities, including researchers, industry leaders, policymakers, regulatory bodies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), investors, and the general public. ... Each of these groups plays a crucial role in the development, commercialization, regulation, and societal
[293] Nano Paradox, Balancing Innovation and Safety in Nano Toxicity — Nano toxicity refers to the potential adverse effects that nanomaterials may have on human health and the environment. From the early stages of research and development, safe-by-design principles can be employed to minimize potential risks and enhance the safety of nanomaterials. By adopting responsible innovation, conducting comprehensive risk assessments, implementing robust regulations and fostering collaboration, it is possible to address the nano paradox and unlock the full potential of nanotechnology while ensuring the safety of individuals and the environment. However, as the development and application of nanotechnology progress, it is essential to address the potential risks associated with nanomaterials. By considering the potential hazards and toxicity of nanomaterials during their design and development, researchers can proactively mitigate potential risks and enhance safety.
[295] Nanomaterials for advanced energy applications: Recent advancements and ... — Nanomaterials for advanced energy applications: Recent advancements and future trends - ScienceDirect Our review explores recent advances in inorganic multifunctional nanomaterials for energy applications, shedding light on the latest developments in the field. We highlight the diverse range of applications of inorganic nanomaterials in energy storage, conservation, transmission, and conversion, showcasing their versatility and potential impact on various sectors. Our review underscores the potential of inorganic nanomaterials to revolutionize energy applications and address pressing societal challenges related to energy utilization, highlighting their importance in shaping the future of sustainable energy systems. Specific attention is given to inorganic nanomaterials for advanced energy storage, conservation, transmission, and conversion applications, which strongly rely on the optical, mechanical, thermal, catalytic, and electrical properties of energy materials. For all open access content, the relevant licensing terms apply.
[297] Future of Nanotechnology & 10 Emerging Trends | StartUs Insights — Nanotechnology improves material science by enabling precise manipulation at the nanoscale to enhance functionality across industries. Moreover, developments like nano-coatings provide enhanced durability, self-healing properties, and antimicrobial features As nanotechnology grows, the future of nanotechnology enhances manufacturing, sustainability, and medical treatments for enhancing efficiency, performance, and innovation across sectors. StartUs Insights provides data through its comprehensive Discovery Platform, which covers 4.7+ million startups, scaleups, and tech companies globally, as well as 20K+ emerging technologies & trends. Photovoltaic Cells: In photovoltaic cells, semiconductor nanodevices enhance the efficiency of solar energy conversion through the integration of nanostructured materials that improve light absorption and electron mobility. Startups to Watch emerging technology top tech startups innovation scouting Sustainability new companies open innovation startup scouting Artificial Intelligence Renewables edge computing Advanced Robotics Technology Trends
[298] Nanomaterials Market Growth & Outlook, 2023-2033 - Future Market Insights — The global nanomaterials market is expected to attain a valuation of USD 12.6 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 51.5 billion by 2033, trailing a CAGR of 15.1 % during the forecast period. Nanomaterials are nanometer-scale structures with at least one dimension of fewer than 100 nanometers.
[299] PDF — This article delves into the significant role nanotechnology plays in advancing sustainable energy solutions, ranging from enhancing the efficiency of renewable energy sources to enabling breakthroughs in energy storage and distribution. From enhancing the efficiency of renewable energy sources to enabling breakthroughs in energy storage and distribution, nanotechnology offers a versatile toolkit for transforming the energy landscape . Looking ahead, future research directions in nanotechnology for sustainable energy should focus on enhancing material efficiency, durability and recyclability to minimize environmental footprint. From enhancing the efficiency of renewable energy sources to revolutionizing energy storage and distribution, nanotechnology holds the key to unlocking a cleaner, more sustainable energy future.
[300] Integrating green nanotechnology with sustainable development goals: a ... — Green Nanotechnology (GNT) integrates the principles of nanotechnology with sustainability, aiming to minimize environmental and health impacts. A life cycle assessment (LCA) approach ensures that nanomaterials are developed with low toxicity and recyclability in mind, reducing pollution and supporting environmental conservation , waste reduction, process optimization, and recycling. Nanomaterial-based catalysts enhance processes like water splitting, making it easier to transform renewable energy sources into clean hydrogen fuel as an environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels. Nanotechnology-based solutions are linked to the achievement of the SDGs, which include clean energy, clean water and sanitation, sustainable agriculture, and climate action. Green and sustainable technology for clean energy production: applications. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2023.126974.
[301] Future Perspectives and Emerging Trends in Nanomaterials for Energy ... — Despite these advantages, the commercial use of nanomaterials in energy storage devices remains limited, with notable exceptions like multiwall carbon nanotube additives and carbon coatings on silicon particles in lithium-ion battery electrodes. Download Article/Chapter or eBook Liu L, Du Z, Wang J, Li M, Bi J, Du H, Ai W (2023) A review of flexible potassium-ion based energy storage devices. Zhang Y, Yu H, Wang L, Wu X, He J, Huang W, Ouyang C, Chen D, Keshta BE (2024) Advanced lithography materials: from fundamentals to applications. Adekoya D, Qian S, Gu X, Wen W, Li D, Ma J, Zhang S (2021) DFT-guided design and fabrication of carbon-nitride-based materials for energy storage devices: a review. Download Article/Chapter or eBook
[302] Recent Advances in the Application of Nanomaterials for Environmental ... — Additionally, nanomaterials contribute to energy-efficient processes and innovative solutions for environmental challenges. This overview underscores the pivotal role of nanomaterials in enhancing sustainability efforts, emphasizing their potential to address pressing environmental issues and pave the way for an eco-friendlier future.
[304] The Environmental Impact of Nanomaterials: Challenges and Solutions — Robust regulatory frameworks should be developed and implemented to assess the potential risks associated with nanomaterials and establish guidelines for their production, use and disposal . Industry stakeholders have a responsibility to prioritize environmental sustainability in the design, manufacturing and disposal of nanomaterials and nanotechnology-based products. By understanding the risks posed by nanomaterials, implementing proactive risk management strategies and fostering responsible innovation, we can harness the potential of nanotechnology while safeguarding the environment for current and future generations. In conclusion, addressing the environmental impact of nanomaterials is essential for ensuring the sustainable advancement of nanotechnology and minimizing its adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. Journal of Nanosciences: Current Research received 387 citations as per Google Scholar report
[305] PDF — Industry stakeholders have a responsibility to prioritize environmental sustainability in the design, manufacturing and disposal of nanomaterials and nanotechnology-based products. Developing comprehensive regulatory frameworks that address the environmental risks associated with nanomaterials can ensure their responsible development, use and disposal while fostering innovation and Pharmaceut Reg Affairs, Volume 09:03, 2024 Page 2 of 2 Martin B. By understanding the risks posed by nanomaterials, implementing proactive risk management strategies and fostering responsible innovation, we can harness the potential of nanotechnology while safeguarding the environment for current and future generations. In conclusion, addressing the environmental impact of nanomaterials is essential for ensuring the sustainable advancement of nanotechnology and minimizing its adverse effects on ecosystems and human health.