Table of Contents
Overview
Definition of Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity is defined as the failure of the immune system to recognize its own cells and tissues as "self," leading to an immune response that attacks these self-structures instead.[6.1] This aberration in the immune system results in the production of autoantibodies and T cell responses directed against the body's own components, which can cause pathological damage to various organs and tissues.[5.1] The etiology of autoimmune diseases is multifactorial, involving genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors that contribute to the development of these conditions.[2.1] Common autoimmune diseases include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and Graves' disease, among others, which are characterized by the immune system mistakenly damaging healthy cells.[4.1] The immune response in autoimmunity can lead to a range of symptoms that vary depending on the specific disease and the tissues affected.[4.1] Despite the absence of cures for autoimmune diseases, various treatments are available to help manage symptoms and control the immune response.[4.1]Types of Autoimmune Diseases
Autoimmune diseases encompass a wide range of conditions characterized by the immune system's inappropriate response to the body's own tissues. These diseases can be classified into several categories based on the specific organs or systems they affect. One prominent category includes organ-specific autoimmune diseases, where the immune response is directed against specific organs. For instance, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a classic example, where the immune system attacks insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. The genetic predisposition for T1DM is evidenced by a concordance rate of 30-50% in monozygotic twins, compared to only 5% in dizygotic twins, highlighting the significant genetic component in disease susceptibility.[9.1] Autoimmune diseases are characterized by a multifactorial etiology, where genetic factors interact with environmental influences. This interplay not only contributes to disease susceptibility but also influences the presence of specific autoantibodies and disease phenotypes.[22.1] For instance, certain genetic markers, such as HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8, are found in over 98% of patients with celiac disease, highlighting the significant role of genetic predisposition in the development of autoimmune conditions.[8.1] Furthermore, autoimmune diseases can also be influenced by hormonal changes, particularly in women. Fluctuations in hormone levels during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause have been shown to impact the onset and severity of autoimmune diseases, suggesting a potential genetic predisposition for autoimmunity in females.[29.1] This gender bias is evident as the majority of autoimmune diseases affect more women than men, indicating the significant role of sex hormones in regulating immune responses.[29.1]In this section:
History
Early Theories and Discoveries
In the early 20th century, significant advancements in the understanding of autoimmunity were made, primarily through the contributions of key figures in immunology. Paul Ehrlich, regarded as one of the forefathers of modern immunology, introduced the side-chain theory, which proposed that pathogens interact with side chain receptors on cells. This theory laid the groundwork for future explorations into immune responses and autoimmunity.[55.1] Additionally, Ehrlich's concept of "horror autotoxicus" suggested that an individual could not produce antibodies against its own tissues, reflecting the prevailing belief that the immune system was strictly protective and could not turn against the host.[56.1] Further developments were made by Frank Macfarlane Burnet, who is credited with founding the science of autoimmunity. He formulated the clonal selection theory of forbidden clones, which posited that certain immune cells, or clones, that could potentially attack the body's own tissues were normally suppressed. This theory highlighted the role of autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, linking them to systemic inflammation and tissue injury.[57.1] The collective efforts of these researchers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries contributed to a modern understanding of autoimmune illnesses, marking a pivotal shift in the medical community's approach to these complex diseases.[58.1]Evolution of Understanding Autoimmunity
The understanding of autoimmunity has evolved significantly over the past century. Initially, the concept of autoimmune disease, defined as a destructive reaction of the immune system against the body's own constituents, was considered unthinkable until the early 20th century. This period was marked by a fascination with microbial causes of disease, overshadowing the notion of self-directed immune responses.[43.1] The term "autoimmune" was first introduced in 1951, with "autoimmunity" following in 1957, marking a pivotal moment in the conceptualization of these diseases.[44.1] The early 1950s saw a breakthrough in understanding that the immune system could generate responses not only against foreign antigens but also against 'self' antigens. This realization was largely attributed to Macfarlane Burnet, who is often referred to as the "Father of autoimmunity" for his foundational contributions to the field.[45.1] Paul Ehrlich's concept of "horror autotoxicus" further emphasized the immune system's ability to distinguish between foreign and self, laying the groundwork for future research into autoimmunity.[46.1] As research progressed, it became evident that genetic predisposition plays a significant role in autoimmune diseases, accounting for approximately thirty percent of cases, while environmental factors contribute to the remaining seventy percent.[23.1] This interplay between genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers has been observed in various autoimmune conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and lupus.[25.1] Twin studies have provided compelling evidence for the genetic component of these diseases, showing that monozygotic twins exhibit a disease concordance rate four or more times higher than that of dizygotic twins.[50.1] This body of work underscores the complexity of autoimmune diseases, highlighting the necessity of considering both genetic and environmental factors in their etiology.Recent Advancements
Current Research Trends
Recent advancements in the field of autoimmunity have led to significant developments in both therapeutic approaches and research methodologies. One notable trend is the emergence of immunotherapy, which has resulted in the creation of new drugs and therapies aimed at addressing the underlying causes of autoimmune diseases rather than merely managing symptoms. These advancements are paving the way for more effective and personalized treatment options for patients suffering from these conditions.[84.1] In particular, cellular immunotherapies have gained attention for their targeted approach, which redirects immune cells to correct the underlying autoimmunity. This method contrasts with traditional therapies that primarily suppress the immune system, often leading to only partial and temporary remissions.[85.1] Furthermore, the exploration of RNA-based drugs has opened new avenues for managing autoimmune diseases. These RNA nucleic acid-based therapies, including various forms such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, and siRNAs, are being investigated for their potential to regulate aberrant immune signaling pathways, offering a precision control over gene expression that conventional immunosuppressants do not provide.[116.1] The management of autoimmune diseases has been significantly enhanced through the integration of telemedicine, which provides patients with ongoing care and rapid access to healthcare. Conditions such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis require regular monitoring, medication adjustments, and consultations with specialists, all of which can be facilitated through telemedicine.[103.1] Reports indicate a 40% improvement in patient adherence to treatment plans, which aligns with broader trends in telemedicine that demonstrate fewer missed appointments and more consistent care.[104.1] Additionally, a substantial majority of autoimmune patients, approximately 82%, report satisfaction with virtual care that is comparable to traditional in-person visits, highlighting the effectiveness of telemedicine in addressing patient needs.[104.1] This shift towards telehealth solutions underscores the urgent demand for accessible healthcare, particularly in the context of the ongoing pandemic.[103.1]New Therapeutic Strategies
Recent advancements in the treatment of autoimmune diseases have led to the development of innovative therapeutic strategies that significantly enhance patient care and quality of life. One notable approach is the use of immunotherapies, which aim to address the underlying mechanisms of autoimmunity. For instance, antigen-specific immunotherapy induces immune tolerance through the injection of autoantigens, leading to T cell anergy and the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs).[90.1] This method has shown promise in suppressing conditions such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by modifying specific peptides to enhance immune suppression.[90.1] Another significant advancement is the application of B cell depletion therapies, particularly using anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies like Rituximab. This therapy targets B cells, inhibiting their survival and function, which has proven beneficial in treating various neuroinflammatory diseases and systemic lupus erythematosus.[92.1] The efficacy of low-dose interleukin-2 therapy has also been noted, as it improves clinical outcomes by increasing Treg cells in patients with autoimmune diseases.[92.1] Furthermore, the integration of biomarkers and biosensors into treatment protocols allows for the early detection of symptom flare-ups and monitoring of treatment efficacy. This proactive approach can lead to improved management of autoimmune conditions, enhancing patients' quality of life.[88.1] Recent advancements in high-throughput histology technology and scientific discoveries have facilitated the identification of various pathogenic factors contributing to autoimmune diseases (ADs).[99.1] In conjunction with improvements in RNA nucleic acid-based drug synthesis, design, and delivery, RNA-based therapies have been extensively investigated for their potential in treating these conditions.[99.1] These therapies encompass a range of RNA types, including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs, small interfering RNAs, antisense oligonucleotides, aptamers, and messenger RNAs, all of which are being explored for their therapeutic potential and application prospects in ADs.[99.1] The mechanism of action for RNA-based therapeutics typically involves the inhibition of protein synthesis, which is a critical process in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.[100.1] Furthermore, the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) as a sequence-specific mechanism of gene regulation has made RNA-based therapies an attractive option for developing new treatments.[101.1] As research progresses and new therapeutic targets are identified, RNA-based drugs are expected to offer innovative strategies for managing autoimmune diseases, thereby enhancing the personalization of treatment options.[99.1]In this section:
Epidemiology
Prevalence and Incidence
Recent research has highlighted the significant prevalence of autoimmune diseases in the United States, estimating that approximately 15 million individuals are affected by one or more of 105 autoimmune conditions. This study, conducted by Mayo Clinic researchers and published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, emphasizes the importance of understanding the prevalence of these diseases to monitor trends over time and assess the impact of treatment options.[118.1] Globally, autoimmune diseases affect an estimated 5 to 10% of the population in industrialized nations, while the prevalence in developing countries is lower but is reportedly on the rise.[119.1] Within the U.S., the most prevalent autoimmune diseases include rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, type I diabetes, Graves' disease, and autoimmune thyroiditis, with the study providing a comprehensive prevalence estimate categorized by sex and age.[120.1] Autoimmune diseases are particularly concerning as they rank among the leading causes of death for young and middle-aged women in the United States. The incidence rates for these diseases vary significantly; for instance, systemic sclerosis has an incidence of less than one newly diagnosed case per 100,000 person-years, whereas adult-onset rheumatoid arthritis has an incidence exceeding 20 cases per 100,000 person-years.[121.1] The rising prevalence of autoimmune diseases poses a growing public health challenge, as these conditions arise when the immune system erroneously targets healthy cells and tissues, resulting in chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and organ dysfunction. This increasing burden not only affects healthcare systems but also places significant strain on families and communities.[122.1]Risk Factors
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are influenced by a complex interplay of various risk factors, including demographic, genetic, and environmental elements. Recent studies have highlighted the significant role of demographic factors such as age, gender, and ethnicity in the prevalence and incidence rates of autoimmune diseases. For instance, autoimmune diseases affect approximately one in ten individuals, with their burden increasing over time at varying rates across different diseases. This increase is associated with socioeconomic, seasonal, and regional disparities, suggesting that environmental factors play a crucial role in disease pathogenesis.[127.1] A comprehensive evaluation of the global burden and temporal trends of autoimmune diseases has been conducted, focusing on modifiable risk factors across 204 countries and territories. This analysis accounted for variations in age, gender, geographical regions, and socio-demographic levels, highlighting the complexity of these diseases.[124.1] Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are characterized by their pathological and molecular features, which can be complex, chronic, and occasionally life-threatening.[126.1] Notably, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has reported that certain minority and ethnic groups, including African Americans, exhibit higher incidences of specific autoimmune conditions, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).[126.1] Autoimmune diseases are increasingly prevalent, with environmental factors playing a significant role in their progression. Exposure to environmental toxins, such as persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals, has been identified as a key contributor to the development of these conditions.[148.1] Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that these toxic chemicals are crucial in the rapid advancement of autoimmune diseases.[148.1] On the genetic side, certain alleles, particularly those associated with the HLA locus, confer a predisposition to autoimmune disorders. For instance, the DQ8 allele has emerged as a significant genetic marker linked to various autoimmune diseases.[155.1] Recent genome-wide association (GWA) studies have further elucidated these genetic associations, suggesting that alleles like the 620W may be directly responsible for links to conditions such as Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).[156.1] These findings highlight the complex interplay between genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Environmental factors play a crucial role in the development of autoimmune diseases, acting as catalysts that can trigger these complex conditions in individuals with genetic predispositions.[158.1] A series of papers in this issue elaborates on various environmental triggers of autoimmunity, highlighting the significant impact of factors such as gut microbiota on mucosal immunity.[146.1] Understanding these environmental influences is essential, as it can lead to the identification of predictive biomarkers in the early stages of autoimmune disorders, which may help in halting or even reversing the progression of these diseases.[146.1]Mechanisms Of Autoimmunity
Genetic Factors
Autoimmune diseases exhibit a multifactorial etiology, where genetic factors significantly contribute to disease susceptibility and manifestation. Genetic studies have identified various loci associated with autoimmune diseases, particularly within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and non-MHC regions, indicating a shared genetic predisposition among different autoimmune conditions.[170.1] The interplay between genetic susceptibility and environmental influences is crucial, as the low penetrance of genetic risk factors suggests that environmental factors and gene-environment interactions play a vital role in the pathogenesis of these diseases.[170.1] Epigenetic modifications, which include changes such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, also significantly impact the expression of genes related to autoimmunity. These modifications can alter cellular functions without changing the underlying genomic sequence, thereby influencing immune regulation and self-tolerance mechanisms.[197.1] For instance, reduced DNA methylation in immune cells has been observed in several autoimmune diseases, suggesting that epigenetic alterations may contribute to the development and progression of these conditions.[196.1] Moreover, environmental factors such as infections, dietary components, and pollutants can induce epigenetic changes that further modify gene expression, potentially leading to autoimmune responses.[199.1] This highlights the complex relationship between genetic predisposition and environmental triggers in the context of autoimmune diseases, emphasizing the need for continued research into how these factors interact to influence disease outcomes.Environmental Influences
Environmental factors significantly influence the susceptibility to autoimmune diseases through gene-environment interactions (GEIs) and other mechanisms. Understanding these interactions is crucial for elucidating the biological mechanisms underlying the etiology of rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other autoimmune disorders.[172.1] The most well-studied example of GEIs in this context is the interaction between specific gene variants, such as HLA-DRB1, and environmental factors like cigarette smoking, which has been shown to increase the risk of developing these diseases.[172.1] Autoimmune diseases are complex in their etiology, with both genetic predispositions and environmental determinants playing significant roles.[175.1] Current research highlights the challenges faced in large-scale studies of gene-environment interactions, emphasizing the need for continued investigation in this area.[174.1] The phenomenon of molecular mimicry is particularly relevant in the context of environmental triggers. This occurs when environmental agents, such as pathogens or their components, share structural similarities with host tissues, leading to an autoimmune response. For example, infections with Streptococcus pyogenes can trigger rheumatic fever through mimicry between the pathogen's M protein and human cardiac antigens.[191.1] Additionally, viral proteins have been identified that resemble human sequences, which may contribute to autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis.[192.1] Environmental triggers, including bacterial and viral infections, are thought to impact the autoimmune response through molecular mimicry, which can lead to sustained autoimmunity. This sustained response is likely a result of complex interactions between genetic susceptibilities, such as specific HLA alleles, and environmental influences.[178.1] Furthermore, excessive autoimmune reactions triggered by molecular mimicry can result in systemic inflammation and may even lead to severe outcomes, including the host's death.[179.1]Diagnosis And Treatment
Diagnostic Approaches
Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system becomes overactive, leading it to mistakenly attack and damage the body's own tissues. This group of disorders includes a variety of conditions, each characterized by distinct symptoms and underlying mechanisms. The diagnostic process for autoimmune diseases is comprehensive and involves several steps to recognize these disorders.[207.1] Healthcare providers typically begin by evaluating the patient's medical history and conducting a physical examination to identify symptoms that may indicate an autoimmune condition. Common symptoms associated with autoimmune diseases can vary widely, but many patients report experiencing fatigue, joint pain, and skin rashes.[211.1] Although there is currently no cure for autoimmune diseases, various treatments are available to help manage symptoms and control the immune response.[211.1] To confirm a diagnosis of autoimmune diseases, it is crucial to recognize that autoantibodies are proteins that mistakenly target the body's own healthy tissues, prompting the immune system to attack them.[209.1] The diagnostic process involves a thorough overview of various autoimmune conditions, including their risk factors and treatments.[209.1] This comprehensive understanding is essential for the accurate diagnosis of these diseases, as it lays the groundwork for effective management and therapeutic strategies for individuals affected by autoimmune disorders.[209.1] Despite advancements in diagnostic techniques, many patients experience delays in receiving an accurate diagnosis. Research indicates that autoimmune disorders are relatively common, affecting approximately 24 million people in the United States, yet misdiagnosis remains a significant issue.[213.1] A survey revealed that over 80% of individuals who felt misdiagnosed reported lasting emotional distress, highlighting the importance of accurate and timely diagnosis.[214.1] Misconceptions about autoimmune diseases significantly impact the diagnostic process and patient care. A survey conducted on behalf of the Autoimmune Association in September 2018 revealed that 41% of respondents do not understand the term "autoimmune disease," and 40% mistakenly believe that these diseases are fatal rather than chronic.[216.1] Additionally, contrary to popular belief, autoimmune diseases are not rare; in fact, 1 in 12 Americans lives with an autoimmune disease, and approximately 20% of the population currently has an auto-antibody, indicating that these conditions are quite common.[218.1] Addressing these misconceptions is essential for improving patient education and ensuring that individuals receive appropriate care.Treatment Modalities
Treatment modalities for autoimmune diseases encompass a range of strategies aimed at managing symptoms, improving quality of life, and addressing the underlying immune dysfunction. A comprehensive approach to treatment should include not only pharmacological interventions but also mental health support, patient education, and lifestyle modifications. Pharmacological treatments often focus on controlling disease activity and inflammation. Recent advancements in immunology have led to the development of antigen-specific immunotherapies, which have shown promise in preclinical models and are currently being evaluated in clinical trials.[245.1] Additionally, RNA-based therapies, including various forms of nucleic acids such as miRNAs and siRNAs, are being investigated for their potential in treating autoimmune diseases, offering new avenues for management.[246.1] Personalized medicine approaches, which involve patient-specific immune profiling and tailored therapeutic regimens, are also gaining traction as a means to enhance treatment efficacy.[247.1] Mental health is a critical component of managing autoimmune diseases, as patients frequently experience psychological challenges such as depression, anxiety, and cognitive dysfunction.[224.1] Addressing these mental health concerns through routine screening and support can significantly improve disease management and overall quality of life.[224.1] Healthcare providers play a vital role in this aspect by offering emotional support and referring patients to counseling or support groups.[230.1] Patient education is essential for effective disease management. Empowering individuals with knowledge about their condition and its implications can help them make informed decisions regarding their health.[225.1] Programs that utilize information and communication technology (ICT) have shown significant potential in enhancing self-management and promoting behavior changes among patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases.[227.1] Resources provided by organizations such as the Autoimmune Association also contribute to patient empowerment by offering tools and support throughout their journey.[229.1]In this section:
Impact On Society
Personal and Family Impact
Autoimmune diseases significantly affect the personal and familial dynamics of those diagnosed, leading to a range of emotional, relational, and financial challenges. Individuals living with autoimmune diseases often experience a complex array of emotions, including feelings of isolation and anxiety, which can strain relationships with family and friends. The invisible nature of these conditions can make it difficult for others to understand the challenges faced by those affected, leading to a lack of support and empathy from their social circles.[255.1] Autoimmune diseases have significant emotional, economic, and social consequences for individuals and society as a whole. Nearly 1 in 5 Americans lives with a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease, revealing a hidden healthcare crisis characterized by high prevalence rates and various aids available for management. However, this burden is not equally shared across all communities; underrepresented populations often face greater challenges, highlighting significant health disparities influenced by social factors and racial discrimination.[252.1] The societal stigma and lack of awareness surrounding autoimmune diseases further complicate the situation, making it difficult for individuals to communicate their conditions to others, which can lead to a lack of understanding and support.[249.1] By fostering awareness and promoting research, society can work towards improving the lives of those affected by autoimmune diseases. Moreover, the narratives and experiences shared by patients play a crucial role in fostering understanding and empathy within their communities. By communicating their challenges and triumphs, individuals can help raise awareness about autoimmune diseases, educate the public, and advocate for necessary changes in healthcare and societal attitudes.[256.1] Engaging in open communication with loved ones is vital for building a supportive community, as it allows individuals to explain their experiences and needs, thereby reducing feelings of isolation.[256.1] The psychological impact of autoimmune diseases is significant, with recent studies indicating that over half of individuals diagnosed with these conditions also experience depression and anxiety.[262.1] This dual burden can lead to increased psychological stress, as evidenced by reports from patients, where 72% noted heightened stress levels and 50% reported emotional and personal problems.[258.1] To effectively support mental health, a thorough and interdisciplinary approach is essential, which includes prioritizing mental and emotional well-being, engaging in enjoyable hobbies, and taking necessary breaks.[261.1] Furthermore, addressing the emotional challenges associated with autoimmune diseases is crucial for improving overall quality of life, as these challenges can be compounded by misdiagnoses that may negatively affect self-worth and care.[260.1] Resources aimed at increasing social support and utilizing existing coping strategies are vital for individuals navigating these complexities.[259.1]Future Directions
Emerging Research Areas
Emerging research in the field of autoimmunity is increasingly focused on the application of advanced technologies and novel therapeutic strategies. One significant area of exploration is the utilization of machine learning (ML) to analyze complex datasets related to autoimmune diseases. This approach is particularly valuable due to the multifactorial nature of these conditions, allowing researchers to uncover patterns and insights that may not be readily apparent through traditional methods.[287.1] Another promising avenue is the advancement of immunotherapy, which has led to the development of new drugs and treatment modalities aimed at managing autoimmune diseases more effectively. Recent studies indicate that ongoing research and clinical trials are paving the way for innovative therapies that could transform the treatment landscape, offering hope for improved patient outcomes with fewer side effects.[290.1] Among these advancements, cellular immunotherapy is gaining traction, with strategies such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) being investigated for their potential to modulate immune responses in autoimmune conditions.[291.1] Furthermore, understanding the mechanisms of immune tolerance is crucial for developing antigen-specific immunotherapies. Research has highlighted the importance of central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms in preventing autoimmunity, and disruptions in these processes can lead to the misidentification of self-tissues.[324.1] Recent advancements in this area may provide new therapeutic targets to correct or modulate these mechanisms, thereby enhancing treatment efficacy.[325.1] In addition to therapeutic innovations, ethical considerations surrounding the use of AI and ML in autoimmune research are becoming increasingly relevant. Issues such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, and transparency must be addressed to ensure that these technologies are integrated responsibly into healthcare practices.[314.1] By prioritizing patient confidentiality and implementing robust security measures, healthcare organizations can foster trust and uphold ethical standards in the era of advanced data analytics.[316.1]Potential Innovations in Treatment
Recent advancements in the integration of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) into immunology are poised to revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune diseases. These computational methods are becoming fundamental tools for processing complex immunological data, allowing for the integration of various "omics" data without the need for extensive independent modeling of each modality.[293.1] The incorporation of AI into precision medicine facilitates the integration of health records, genetics, and immunology data, which aids in uncovering novel therapeutic targets and improving the accuracy of disease models.[294.1] This synergistic approach is essential for developing personalized medicine that addresses unique patient genetic profiles. In the realm of therapeutic innovations, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as a promising option for treating severe autoimmune diseases. CAR T cell therapies specifically target autoreactive B cells, demonstrating sustained elimination of these cells and leading to promising control of autoimmune conditions with minimal safety concerns.[297.1] Clinical results indicate that this therapy can achieve significant disease-free observational periods, extending up to two years for some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.[298.1] However, considerations regarding patient selection, safety, and efficacy remain critical as the field evolves.[299.1] Immunotherapy continues to be a focal point in the development of new treatments for autoimmune diseases. Recent breakthroughs include the use of TNF inhibitors, which have shown effectiveness in reducing disease activity and improving the quality of life for patients.[302.1] Additionally, therapies targeting CD38, such as daratumumab, are being explored as potential options for refractory autoimmune diseases, although further investigation is required to determine optimal therapeutic regimens and manage adverse events.[304.1]References
[2] Biochemistry, Autoimmunity - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf — Autoimmunity refers to an aberration in the body's normal development that causes the immune system to mount an attack against its cells. The etiology behind autoimmune diseases is multifactorial, with genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors all playing a role. This topic reviews the fundamentals of the antigen self-tolerance process, cellular and molecular processes contributing to
[4] Autoimmune Diseases: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments - WebMD — Autoimmune Diseases: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments Autoimmune diseases result when your immune system is overactive, causing it to attack and damage your body's own tissues. In this group of autoimmune diseases, your immune system attacks and damages blood vessels. While signs of autoimmune diseases differ depending on the type and location of the condition you have, some symptoms that are common to many include: While there aren't any cures for autoimmune diseases yet, there are many kinds of treatment that help control your immune system response and manage your symptoms. There are many types of autoimmune diseases, which result when your immune system mistakenly attacks healthy body tissues. John Hopkins Medicine: “Autoimmune Disease: Why Is My Immune System Attacking Itself?,” “What Are Common Symptoms of Autoimmune Disease?”
[5] Definition of Autoimmunity & Autoimmune Disease — Autoimmune diseases develop when the auto-reactive B lymphocytes (autoantibodies) and T lymphocytes described above cause a pathological and/or functional damage to the organ/tissue containing the target autoantigen(s). B cells also secrete antibodies that when directed against self components are called autoantibodies (as found in patients with autoimmune diseases). A normal component of the patient, such as a protein or a protein-nucleic acid complex, that becomes recognized by the patient's own antibodies and/or T lymphocytes during an autoimmune disease. The type of antibodies that recognize antigens of the patient, always present in autoimmune diseases and sometimes causing them. An autoimmune disease predominantly targeting the thyroid gland, and mediated by autoantibodies that bind to and stimulate a receptor expressed on thyroid cells called TSH receptor.
[6] What is Autoimmunity? - News-Medical.net — Autoimmunity is the failure of the immune system to recognize its own cells and tissues as "self" and attack them instead. Learn about the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and examples of autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatic fever and Graves' disease.
[8] Molecular genetic testing for autoimmune diseases — The following examples illustrate how genetic parameters are now an integral part of routine autoimmune diagnostics. ... HLA-DQ2 and/or -DQ8 markers are present in >98% of CD patients. 1 The absence of HLA-DQ2 and -DQ8 markers, ... Autoimmune diseases are characterized by immune system dysfunction leading to the loss of tolerance to self
[9] The genetics and epigenetics of autoimmune diseases - PMC — T1DM is another example of an autoimmune disease with genetic and environmental components. A concordance rate of 30-50% in monozygotic compared to 5% in dizygotic twins demonstrates a significant genetic component in disease susceptibility. ... Martin-Mola E, et al. Auto-antibodies, HLA and PTPN22: susceptibility markers for rheumatoid
[22] Genetic Factors of Autoimmune Diseases 2017 - PMC — Autoimmune diseases are characterized by a multifactorial aetiology, in which genetic factors interplay with environmental factors. The different genetic factors are associated not only with disease susceptibility but also with specific autoantibodies and disease phenotypes. Several studies have been conducted on this issue, identifying
[23] Environmental Triggers and Autoimmunity - PMC - PubMed Central (PMC) — Currently, studies have shown that genetic predisposition accounts for approximately thirty percent of all autoimmune diseases. The rest, 70 percent, are due to environmental factors, including toxic chemicals, dietary components, gut dysbiosis, and infections . Figure 1.
[25] Environmental factors in autoimmune diseases and their role in multiple ... — Hence, the remaining risk component of autoimmune diseases such as MS must be related to exogenous factors. Research efforts of the past decades confirm this finding, and it is now well accepted that the etiology of many autoimmune diseases involves environmental factors that act on top of genetic susceptibility profiles .
[29] Sex hormone influence on female-biased autoimmune diseases hints at ... — The majority of autoimmune diseases affect more women than men, suggesting an important role for sex hormones in regulating immune response. Current research supports this idea, highlighting the importance of sex hormones in both immune and metabolic regulation. Puberty is characterized by drastic changes in sex hormone levels and metabolism.
[43] Travels and travails of autoimmunity: A historical journey from ... — Autoimmunity: History becomes actuality: 2. Immunity and autoimmunity — 1900-1915. The idea of autoimmune disease - a destructive reaction of the immune system against one or another of the body's own constituents - was unthinkable just a little more than a century ago. Intrigued by new microbial causes of disease and increasingly
[44] The Autoimmune Condition: A Report on History - Journal #119 — "We want to see how autoimmunity became thinkable," write Warwick Anderson and Ian R. MacKay in their conceptual history of autoimmunity: Intolerant Bodies: A Short History of Autoimmune Disease (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014), 4. The adjective "autoimmune" was first used in 1951, and the noun "autoimmunity" coined in 1957.
[45] A Brief History and Discovery of Autoimmunity | Resonance - Springer — The concept of the immune system being able to recognise 'foreign' chemicals dates back to the early twentieth century. However, it was not generally understood until the early 1950s that an immune response could be generated not just against foreign antigens but also 'self' antigens. Macfarlane Burnet is known as the "Father of autoimmunity" since he founded the discipline and
[46] Origins and history of autoimmunity—A brief review - Ahsan ... — The purpose of this review article is to elucidate, explain, and emphasize the origins and history of autoimmunity. Key points. Paul Ehrlich coined the term "horror autotoxicus" for autoimmunity and emphasized how the immune system distinguishes foreign from self.
[50] The role of genetic factors in autoimmune disease ... - PubMed — We examine the type and strength of evidence concerning genetic factors and disease etiology, drawing examples from a number of autoimmune diseases. Twin studies of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type I diabetes, and multiple sclerosis (MS) indicate that disease concordance in monozygotic twins is 4 or more times
[55] Origins and history of autoimmunity—A brief review — Paul Ehrlich (1900), considered one of the forefathers of modern immunology, proposed the side-chain theory in which he postulated that pathogens connect to side chain receptors on cells.
[56] Autoimmunity: A History of the Early Struggle for Recognition — During the early days of immunology, Paul Ehrlich's theories dominated the field. These included his concept of horror autotoxicus, which held that the individual could not form antibodies against its own tissues. In addition, the view that the "protective" immune mechanisms might cause disease seemed dysteleological, so that even the early demonstration of an autoimmune hemolytic
[57] Origins and history of autoimmunity—A brief review - Ahsan - 2023 ... — Frank Macfarlane Burnet founded the science of autoimmunity and developed the clonal selection theory of forbidden clones. Autoantibodies play a vital role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and are responsible for systemic inflammation and tissue injury.
[58] Origins and history of autoimmunity—A brief review — However, thanks to the ground-breaking work of important immunology researchers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a modern understanding of autoimmune illnesses emerged.
[84] Latest Developments in Immunotherapy for Autoimmune Diseases — Recent advancements in immunotherapy have led to the development of new drugs and therapies that offer hope for patients with autoimmune diseases. These breakthroughs are paving the way for more effective and personalized treatments, addressing the root causes of autoimmunity rather than just managing symptoms.
[85] Current advancements in cellular immunotherapy for autoimmune disease - PMC — Abstract The management of autoimmune diseases is currently limited by therapies that largely suppress the immune system, often resulting in partial and temporary remissions. Cellular immunotherapies offer a targeted approach by redirecting immune cells to correct the underlying autoimmunity. This review explores the latest advances in cellular immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases, focusing
[88] Recent Advances in Smart Biomaterials for the Detection and Treatment ... — By using biomarkers associated with the AD to predict symptom flare-up and monitor treatment efficacy, biosensors are poised to allow for detection and treatment of disease at the earliest signs of recurrence, which will improve patients' quality of life. Table 2. Biomarkers for autoimmune diseases.
[90] Evolving understanding of autoimmune mechanisms and new therapeutic ... — The mechanism of antigen-specific immunotherapy is through induction of immune tolerance by injection of autoantigens with high and repeat dose that leads to T cell anergy or results in RICD and generation of Tregs.16,368 The RICD process is closely related to TCR recognizing antigens and FAS-FASL inducing apoptosis and it is an antigen-specific immune regulatory induction process.16 Investigators found that stronger immune suppression can be induced by high-dose, oligomerized, linear, and soluble epitope peptides.369–371 The change of protein structure and modification of certain amino acids in the peptide can induce immune suppression for the treatment of autoimmune diseases more efficiently.372 Early researchers have demonstrated that MBP coupled with diazotized arsanilic and sulfanilic acid (Ars-Sulf-MBP) as well as modification of arginine, lysine, and tryptophan residues of MBP selectively can suppress EAE development.373,374 MBP modified by bromide was shown to be effective for EAE treatment.375 Furthermore, researchers mixed MBP and hapten for EAE suppression.376 Recently, our group designed novel fusion proteins to treat EAE and revealed related mechanisms about how cognate antigens suppress CNS inflammation and EAE progression.377
[92] Targeted Immunotherapy for Autoimmune Disease - PMC — B cell depletion therapy using anti-CD20 mAbs has shown promising results in patients with neuroinflammatory diseases, and inhibition of B cell survival factors is approved for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. pJIA, polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis; UC, ulcerative colitis; CD, Crohn’s disease; BD, Behcet’s disease; sJIA, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis; DIRA, deficiency of IL-1 receptor antagonist; TRAPS, TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome; HIDS/MKD, hyperimmunoglobulin D syndrome/Mevalonate kinase deficiency; FMF, familial Mediterranean fever; CRS, cytokine release syndrome; CAR-T, chimeric Ag receptor-T cell; SSc-associated ILD, systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease, PMR, polymyalgia rheumatica, NMOSD, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder; axial SpA, axial spondyloarthritis. In patients with autoimmune diseases, including SLE, PsA, and hepatitis C virus-induced cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, low dose IL-2 therapy improved clinical outcomes, which was consistent with an increase in Treg cells (120).
[99] Advances in RNA therapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases — However, advances in high-throughput histology technology and scientific discoveries have led to the identification of various pathogenic factors contributing to ADs. Coupled with improvements in RNA nucleic acid-based drug synthesis, design, and delivery, RNA-based therapies have been extensively investigated for their potential in treating ADs. This paper reviews the progress in the use of miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, siRNAs, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), aptamers, mRNAs, and other RNA-based therapies in ADs, focusing on their therapeutic potential and application prospects, providing insights for future research and clinical treatment of autoimmune diseases. As research progresses and new therapeutic targets are identified, RNA-based drugs offer new potential for managing ADs. This article reviews the current clinical applications and future prospects of RNA nucleic acid-based therapies in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
[100] RNA therapeutics: RNAi and antisense mechanisms and clinical ... — It is this process of protein synthesis that RNA based therapeutics usually try to inhibit. ... an early stage oral delivery antisense drug for gastrointestinal autoimmune disease, and other diseases. ... Molecular mechanisms of action of antisense drugs. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta -Gene Structure and Expression. 1999;1489:31-43. doi: 10.
[101] RNAi Therapeutics in Autoimmune Disease - PMC - PubMed Central (PMC) — However, in many diseases, specific cell-types or tissues must be targeted, thus a more specific delivery method must be developed. 3. RNAi Therapeutics for Autoimmune Diseases. The discovery of RNAi as a sequence-specific mechanism of gene regulation has made it an attractive concept for the development of new therapies.
[103] Autoimmune Disease Management with Telemedicine: Benefits and Limitations — Autoimmune disease management through telemedicine has opened up new opportunities for patients who require ongoing care and rapid access to healthcare. Autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis, require regular monitoring, medication adjustments, and consultations with specialists. Through telemedicine, patients can consult with their physicians without
[104] Low Dose Naltrexone (LDN) & Telemedicine: How Dr. Louis Esquivel is ... — This reflects a 40% improvement in adherence, aligning with broader telemedicine trends that show fewer missed appointments and more consistent care. Patient feedback further supports the benefits of telemedicine. Among autoimmune patients, 82% report the same or higher satisfaction with virtual care compared to traditional visits . Some
[116] Beyond mRNA Vaccines: The Expanding World of RNA-Based Therapeutics — RNA-based therapeutics are also being explored for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, with efforts focused on using mRNA and siRNA to regulate aberrant immune signaling pathways. Unlike conventional immunosuppressants, RNA therapies offer precision control over gene expression, reducing the risk of broad immune suppression and associated
[118] New study calculates autoimmune disease prevalence in U.S. — In a new study, Mayo Clinic researchers and collaborators have described — for the first time — the prevalence of autoimmune diseases in the U.S. Their research, published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, reports that about 15 million people are estimated to have one or more of 105 autoimmune diseases. "Knowing the number of patients with an autoimmune disease in the U.S. is critical to assess whether these diseases are increasing or decreasing over time and with treatment," says the study's corresponding author, DeLisa Fairweather, Ph.D., vice-chair of translational research for the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine at Mayo Clinic in Florida.
[119] The Global Landscape of Autoimmune Disease — According to one study, autoimmune diseases cumulatively affect 5 to 10% of the industrial world population (1) (2). Other studies have shown that the prevalence of autoimmune disease in developing countries is lower (3) but on the rise (4).
[120] Prevalence of Autoimmune Diseases in the United States — The top five diseases based on prevalence were rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, type I diabetes, Graves' disease and autoimmune thyroiditis. This study is unique in that it provides a large-scale prevalence estimate of autoimmune disease in the US by sex and age.
[121] The epidemiology of autoimmune diseases - ScienceDirect — Autoimmune diseases are among the leading causes of death among young and middle-aged women in the United States. Incidence rates vary among the autoimmune diseases, with estimates ranging from less than one newly-diagnosed case of systemic sclerosis to more than 20 cases of adult-onset rheumatoid arthritis per 100 000 person-years.Prevalence rates range from less than 5 per 100 000 (e.g
[122] A population-based study on autoimmune disease - The Lancet — The increasing prevalence of autoimmune diseases has become one of the leading concerns in public health.1,2 Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues in the body, leading to chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and organ dysfunction.1 As more people are diagnosed with autoimmune disease, the burden on health-care systems, families, and
[124] Global burden due to modifiable risk factors for autoimmune diseases ... — This study represented the first comprehensive evaluation of the global burden and temporal trends of autoimmune diseases attributed to modifiable risk factors across 204 countries and territories. These comparative analyses accounted for variations in age, gender, geographical regions, and socio-demographic levels, using data from the most
[126] Comparative United States autoimmune disease rates for 2010-2016 by sex ... — Autoimmune disease (AID) is a classification of pathological and molecular features encompassing medical conditions that are complex, chronic, and occasionally life-threatening. ... for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has reported that for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), "minority and ethnic groups, including blacks/African Americans
[127] Incidence, prevalence, and co-occurrence of autoimmune disorders over ... — Autoimmune diseases affect approximately one in ten individuals, and their burden continues to increase over time at varying rates across individual diseases. The socioeconomic, seasonal, and regional disparities observed among several autoimmune disorders in our study suggest environmental factors in disease pathogenesis. The inter-relations between autoimmune diseases are commensurate with
[146] Environmental Triggers and Autoimmunity - PMC — In this issue, we present a series of papers that review, discuss, and elaborate on various environmental triggers of autoimmunity. Campbell's review brings up essential facts about some of these environmental factors affecting not only the gut but also the mucosal immunity and describes gut microbiota links to autoimmune diseases. We have presented in this special issue a sampling of the many possible environmental triggers of AD, but we hope that the readers of Autoimmune Diseases will also take away from this collection one very important fact: detection of predictive biomarkers in the early stages of autoimmune disorders can be used to identify, halt, and even reverse autoimmune disease. Articles from Autoimmune Diseases are provided here courtesy of Wiley
[148] Exposure to Environmental Toxins and Autoimmune Conditions — Many epidemiological studies have found environmental factors, such as toxic chemicals (persistent organic pollutants, toxic metals, solvents, endocrine disruptors), to be a key factor in this rapid progression. ... Exposure to Environmental Toxins and Autoimmune Conditions Integr Med (Encinitas). 2021 Apr;20(2):20-24.
[155] Disease Development - Autoimmune Disease | Johns Hopkins Pathology — The genes confer what is called "predisposition" or genetic susceptibility. The immune system becomes dysregulated and provides the tools for executing the pathological damage. ... For most autoimmune diseases where genetic studies have been performed, HLA has emerged as the locus with the strongest association: for example, the DQ8 allele in
[156] Recent Advances in the Genetics of Autoimmune Disease — In the last two years, GWA scans have dominated efforts in gene mapping for autoimmune diseases, and these studies have led to the majority of the new genetic associations discussed in this review. Thus, although the genetic data are not totally comprehensive across the entire risk haplotype, it is highly likely that the 620W allele is directly responsible for the associations with T1D, RA, and many other autoimmune diseases. These genetic data raise the possibility that the genetic associations of A20, TRAF1, CD40, and c-Rel may reflect the involvement of a common cell signaling pathway in autoimmunity (Figure 3). Genes associated with autoimmunity regulate the CD40/NF-κB signaling pathway.
[158] ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS OF AUTOIMMUNE - AIP Wellness Journey — Environmental Triggers of Autoimmune Diseases: The Silent Killer Autoimmune diseases are a growing concern in today's health landscape, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. While genetics play a role in susceptibility, environmental factors often serve as the catalysts that trigger these complex conditions. Understanding these triggers is essential for those living with autoimmune
[170] The role of genetic factors in autoimmune disease ... - PubMed — The role of genetic factors in autoimmune disease: implications for environmental research - PubMed Search in PubMed The role of genetic factors in autoimmune disease: implications for environmental research The role of genetic factors in autoimmune disease: implications for environmental research Search in PubMed Recent genomewide searches in RA, SLE, and MS provide evidence for multiple susceptibility genes involving major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and non-MHC loci; there is also evidence that many autoimmune diseases share a common set of susceptibility genes. The multifactorial nature of the genetic risk factors and the low penetrance of disease underscore the potential influence of environmental factors and gene-environment interactions on the etiology of autoimmune diseases. Twin studies in autoimmune disease: genetics, gender and environment.
[172] Genetics, environment, and gene-environment interactions in the ... — Understanding disease susceptibility factors and gene-environment interactions may offer valuable insights into the biological mechanisms for the etiology of rheumatic diseases. ... Like RA and other autoimmune diseases, ... The most well studied example of GEIs in rheumatic disease susceptibility is for cigarette smoking and the HLA-DRB1 for
[174] Gene-environment interaction in autoimmune disease — Gene-environment interaction in autoimmune disease - Volume 16. ... In this review, we consider the current evidence for gene-environment (G-E) interaction in autoimmune disease. Large-scale G-E interaction research efforts, while well-justified, face significant practical and methodological challenges.
[175] Gene-environment interaction in autoimmune disease - PubMed — Autoimmune disease manifests in numerous forms, but as a disease group is relatively common in the population. It is complex in aetiology, with genetic and environmental determinants. The involvement of gene variants in autoimmune disease is well established, and evidence for significant involvement of the environment in various disease forms
[178] Potential clinical implications of molecular mimicry‐induced ... — Sustained autoimmunity probably results from complex interactions between the molecular mimicry trigger, genetic susceptibilities like HLA alleles, and influences from the environmental milieu. 3 In other words, molecular mimicry on its own is unlikely to be solely responsible for overt autoimmune disease in most individuals.
[179] Molecular mimicry in the pathogenesis of autoimmune rheumatic diseases ... — However, if molecular mimicry leads to an excessive autoimmune reaction and systemic inflammation as observed in autoimmune diseases, it may trigger pro-inflammatory cascades and antimicrobial responses, potentially overriding tolerance mechanisms and, in extreme cases, causing the host's death . This balance highlights the complex interactions
[191] Molecular mimicry in autoimmunity and vaccinations — Mimicry between a pathogen and self molecules. Rheumatic fever is a classic example for molecular mimicry, post infection with Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus). The mimicry is between the infecting agent streptococcal M protein and/or a carbohydrate, N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and self antigens such as myosin peptides located in the S2 hinge region of the human cardiac
[192] Viruses That Mimic Human Proteins May Be More Common than Previously ... — A screen of human-infecting viruses identified extensive examples of viral proteins that resembled human sequences, which could trigger autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis. ... a mechanism called molecular mimicry, in an attempt to evade this surveillance system. However, immune training isn't perfect, so host cells that recognize
[196] The Role of Epigenetics in Autoimmune Disorders - ScienceDirect — Most autoimmune diseases have an unclear pathology, with genetic, environmental, and endogenous factors playing a role. Epigenetic factors have been shown to substantially contribute to the etiology of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and systemic sclerosis.
[197] The Role of Epigenetics in Autoimmune Disease — Because epigenetic modifications impact gene expression, modifications affecting the expression of immune-related genes, such as those involved in immune regulation or self-tolerance, can contribute to the susceptibility or progression of autoimmunity. Scientists have found connections between epigenetic marks and a variety of autoimmune diseases.
[199] Epigenetics in autoimmune diseases: Unraveling the hidden regulators of ... — Additionally, according to recent reports, the environment may influence autoimmunity by altering gene expression through epigenetic pathways . Factors such as infections, dietary components, pollutants, and stress can indeed trigger epigenetic modifications that alter gene expression, potentially leading to autoimmune responses.
[207] Overview of autoimmunity - UpToDate — An overview of autoimmunity is provided here, including discussions of the features common to and underlying autoimmune disorders and of steps for recognizing autoimmune disease. ... It is not intended to be medical advice or a substitute for the medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment of a health care provider based on the health care provider
[209] Autoimmune Diseases: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Steps to Take — In autoimmune diseases, proteins known as autoantibodies target the body's own healthy tissues by mistake, signaling the body to attack them. ... Autoimmune Diseases: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Steps to Take. Print. Image. Overview, Symptoms, & Causes Diagnosis, Treatment, & Steps to Take Research & Resources View all Diseases and Conditions
[211] Autoimmune Diseases: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments - WebMD — Autoimmune Diseases: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments Autoimmune diseases result when your immune system is overactive, causing it to attack and damage your body's own tissues. In this group of autoimmune diseases, your immune system attacks and damages blood vessels. While signs of autoimmune diseases differ depending on the type and location of the condition you have, some symptoms that are common to many include: While there aren't any cures for autoimmune diseases yet, there are many kinds of treatment that help control your immune system response and manage your symptoms. There are many types of autoimmune diseases, which result when your immune system mistakenly attacks healthy body tissues. John Hopkins Medicine: “Autoimmune Disease: Why Is My Immune System Attacking Itself?,” “What Are Common Symptoms of Autoimmune Disease?”
[213] A-Z Autoimmune Disease List | Global Autoimmune Institute — This A-Z list and basic information about each recognized autoimmune disease were compiled and written by our dedicated research team at the Institute. ... Autoimmune diseases are becoming more well-known, yet many people are still experiencing delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis. As finding answers can take years, seeking out doctors who have a
[214] Misdiagnosis in Autoimmune Disease: Lasting Impact — More than 80% of those who perceived they had been misdiagnosed reported lasting emotional distress and distrust in their health care providers. Over 90% of participants were female, reflecting both the demographic pattern of many systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARD) and a limitation acknowledged by the investigators.
[216] Misconceptions about Autoimmune Diseases Still Exist — This survey conducted on behalf of Autoimmune Association in September of 2018. According to the results, misconceptions included the following: 41% of respondents do not understand the term "autoimmune disease." 40% of respondents believe autoimmune diseases are fatal as opposed to chronic.
[218] Top 10 Myths About Autoimmune Disease — Contrary to popular belief, autoimmune diseases are not rare. In fact, 1 in 12 Americans lives with an autoimmune disease, and about 20 percent of the population currently has an auto-antibody, making these conditions quite common.
[224] Mental Health and Lupus: Coping with the Emotional Impacts — Stress and mood disorders are common in lupus patients and both can have serious effects on both mental and physical health. By routinely screening for and addressing mental health concerns in lupus patients, healthcare providers can improve disease management, enhance quality of life, and potentially reduce disease-related complications. Effective treatment should go beyond controlling disease activity and inflammation to include mental health support, as lupus patients frequently experience depression, anxiety, and cognitive dysfunction, which can worsen disease outcomes, particularly cardiovascular health. Lupus and Mental Health: lupus frequently causes neuropsychiatric symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and cognitive issues (like "lupus fog"). Holistic Care for Lupus: a comprehensive approach to lupus treatment should include mental health support, lifestyle modifications, and stress management. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-sle-protocol-testing-diagnosing-and-treatment
[225] Autoimmune Disease and Pain Management: Cutting-Edge Relief Strategies — Patient Education. Educating patients about their condition is vital for effective pain management. Understanding how lifestyle choices impact their disease can empower individuals with autoimmune conditions to take control of their health. ... Navigating the complexities of autoimmune disease and pain management can seem daunting, but armed
[227] Information and communication technology-based patient education for ... — ICT-based patient education has significant potential for enhancing self-management and behavior changes in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases. ... EMBASE and Web of Science. We designed search strategies to identify ICT-based patient education for autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases focused on rheumatoid arthritis
[229] Autoimmune Disease Awareness, Advocacy, Education & Research ... — Autoimmune Disease Awareness, Advocacy, Education & Research - Autoimmune Association About Autoimmunity Autoimmune Association Initiatives Autoimmune Association News We’re the world’s leading nonprofit organization dedicated to autoimmune disease advocacy, awareness, education, and research. For more than 30 years, the Autoimmune Association has been the nation’s leading advocate for the millions of people affected by autoimmune diseases through fostering and facilitating collaboration in the areas of education, public awareness, advocacy, and research. Autoimmune Association and Patient Advocacy Organizations Host the Director of the Office of Autoimmune Disease Research Research funded by the Autoimmune Association The Autoimmune Association leads the fight against autoimmune disease by advocating and collaborating to improve healthcare, advance research, and empower the community through every step of the journey.
[230] Navigating Autoimmune Diseases in Primary Care: Strategies for ... — Healthcare providers in primary care settings play a vital role in managing and supporting patients with autoimmune diseases. When it comes to managing autoimmune diseases, primary care providers play a crucial role in conducting comprehensive assessments and screenings to identify and evaluate the specific autoimmune disease a patient may be experiencing. By educating patients about their specific autoimmune disease, including its potential progression, symptom management, and available treatments, healthcare providers in primary care can enable patients to actively participate in their own care. By offering emotional support and referring patients to counseling or support groups, primary care providers can help individuals with autoimmune diseases not only manage their physical symptoms but also improve their mental well-being and overall quality of life.
[245] Evolving understanding of autoimmune mechanisms and new therapeutic ... — To date, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the mechanisms of immune tolerance, offering a new avenue for developing antigen-specific immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases. These antigen-specific approaches have shown great potential in various preclinical animal models and recently been evaluated in clinical trials.
[246] Advances in RNA therapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases — However, advances in high-throughput histology technology and scientific discoveries have led to the identification of various pathogenic factors contributing to ADs. Coupled with improvements in RNA nucleic acid-based drug synthesis, design, and delivery, RNA-based therapies have been extensively investigated for their potential in treating ADs. This paper reviews the progress in the use of miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, siRNAs, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), aptamers, mRNAs, and other RNA-based therapies in ADs, focusing on their therapeutic potential and application prospects, providing insights for future research and clinical treatment of autoimmune diseases. As research progresses and new therapeutic targets are identified, RNA-based drugs offer new potential for managing ADs. This article reviews the current clinical applications and future prospects of RNA nucleic acid-based therapies in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
[247] Modulating B Cell Subsets: Future Therapeutics for Autoimmune Diseases — Additionally, the Topic Editors encourage authors to explore the potential of personalized medicine approaches, including patient-specific immune profiling and tailored therapeutic regimens. By focusing on the central role of B cells in autoimmunity, this Research Topic will develop targeted and effective treatments for autoimmune diseases.
[249] Autoimmune Diseases and Their Impact on Society — Autoimmune Diseases and Their Impact on Society – The Center for Functional Psychotherapy Autoimmune Diseases and Their Impact on Society Explore the emotional, economic, and social consequences of autoimmune diseases in modern society. In this article, we will delve into the emotional, economic, and social consequences of autoimmune diseases and explore potential mitigating strategies. Moreover, the societal stigma and lack of awareness surrounding autoimmune diseases can make it challenging for individuals to explain their condition to others, leading to a lack of understanding and support. Autoimmune diseases have substantial implications for individuals and society as a whole. By fostering understanding, providing support, and promoting research, society can work towards improving the lives of individuals with autoimmune diseases. Dr. Margo Rappaport is dedicated to raising awareness about autoimmune diseases and their impact on society.
[252] Autoimmune Disease and Health Disparities | Maggie Yu MD, IFMCP — Nearly 1 in 5 Americans lives with a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease, a staggering statistic that unveils a hidden health care crisis with high prevalence rates and many aids.However, not all communities, especially underrepresented populations, bear this burden equally, highlighting a significant health disparity, influenced by social factors and racial discrimination, that often goes
[255] Talk It Out: Fostering Community With Autoimmune Disease Through ... — An autoimmune disease diagnosis brings many mixed emotions, relational tensions, and financial stresses. Actively engaging in communication with those closest to us is vital in fostering community, rather than division. Autoimmune diseases are often invisible illnesses that can lead to feelings of isolation. It is key to explain, inform, and share the road we are walking with those around us
[256] Share Your Story | Autoimmune Association — How your story helps others Living with an autoimmune disease can be daunting, complex, and challenging. Knowing you're not alone can alleviate some of these feelings. Sharing your experience with others builds our community and has the unique ability to support and inspire others. Whether you are just beginning your autoimmune journey, or have been living with autoimmune disease for years
[258] Psychological Stress and the Kaleidoscope of Autoimmune Diseases — The etiology of autoimmune diseases is multifactorial and elusive. ... The evaluation of the role of stress remains a challenge because HT is slow in onset and patients are usually discovered only when they ... 72% of the SSc respondents reported increased psychological stress, 50% reported emotional and personal problems, and 40% had a history
[259] Exploring the Mental Health Needs of Persons With Autoimmune Diseases ... — In addition, we searched the resources listed on the American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association, Inc, website (https://www.aarda.org/aarda‐covid‐19/) to investigate resources compiled specifically for the autoimmune disease community, and we searched ClinicalTrials.gov for registered clinical trials investigating mental health interventions or related studies regarding management of patients with autoimmune disease during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Table 2 summarizes potential clinical interventions and research foci tailored for persons with autoimmune disease and aimed at addressing issues described in this review, as follows: identifying mental health challenges, addressing emotions related to society’s response to COVID‐19, gaps in usual care and uncertainty, increasing social support, and making use of existing coping strategies.
[260] Autoimmune Disease Misdiagnoses Harm Patients' Well-Being, Study Finds — “Although many doctors were intending to be reassuring in suggesting a psychosomatic or psychiatric cause for initially unexplainable symptoms, these types of misdiagnoses can create a multitude of negative feelings and impacts on lives, self-worth, and care,” said lead study author Melanie Sloan, DrPH, a researcher with the department of public health and primary care at the University of Cambridge in England, in a statement. "We don’t yet have precise data on how frequently autoimmune diseases are misdiagnosed as psychiatric or psychosomatic conditions,” says Lola Falasinnu, MD, an assistant professor of medicine specializing in immunology and rheumatology at Stanford University in California. A key challenge in diagnosing autoimmune diseases is that neuropsychiatric symptoms are often part of the disease itself, rather than separate conditions, says Dr. Falasinnu, who was not involved in the study.
[261] Can Autoimmune Conditions Cause Mental Health Problems? - iCliniq — When dealing with an autoimmune disease and mental health issues, a thorough and interdisciplinary approach is necessary. ... Make time for enjoyable hobbies, take breaks when necessary, and prioritize mental and emotional health. It is critical to balance the demands of treating a chronic condition and self-care. Conclusion .
[262] Over Half of People with Autoimmune Diseases Have a Mental Illness - Health — A new study found that over half of people with an autoimmune disease also have depression and anxiety. Nearly 1 in 10 people worldwide—13% of women and 7% of men—have an autoimmune disease.
[287] Environment and systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases: an overview and ... — Owing to the complexity and multifactorial nature of autoimmune disease, machine learning, a type of artificial intelligence, is increasingly utilized as an approach to analyzing large datasets. ... Environment and systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases: an overview and future directions Front Immunol. 2024 Sep 10:15:1456145. doi: 10.3389/fimmu
[290] Latest Developments in Immunotherapy for Autoimmune Diseases — Recent advancements in immunotherapy have led to the development of new drugs and therapies that offer hope for patients with autoimmune diseases. The future of immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases looks promising, with ongoing research and clinical trials paving the way for new treatments. As research progresses, we can expect even more breakthroughs that will refine and expand the capabilities of immunotherapy, ultimately transforming the landscape of autoimmune disease treatment. The latest developments in immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases represent a significant leap forward in the quest for more effective and personalized treatments. Case studies and testimonials highlight the transformative power of these new treatments, offering a glimpse into a future where autoimmune diseases can be managed more effectively and with fewer side effects.
[291] Current advancements in cellular immunotherapy for autoimmune ... - PubMed — Current advancements in cellular immunotherapy for autoimmune disease - PubMed Current advancements in cellular immunotherapy for autoimmune disease Current advancements in cellular immunotherapy for autoimmune disease This review explores the latest advances in cellular immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases, focusing on various strategies, such as the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, chimeric auto-antibody receptor (CAAR) T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and tolerogenic dendritic cells (TolDCs). Keywords: Autoimmunity; Cellular immunotherapy; Chimeric antigen receptor T cells. From promise to practice: CAR T and Treg cell therapies in autoimmunity and other immune-mediated diseases. [Prerequisite and organisation of health-care pathways for Cell and Gene therapies, using Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC) or Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells, in patients with autoimmune systemic diseases].
[293] Machine learning integrative approaches to advance computational immunology — The study of immunology, traditionally reliant on proteomics to evaluate individual immune cells, has been revolutionized by single-cell RNA sequencing. ... Modern machine learning (ML) techniques allow for the integration of multiple "omics" data without the need for extensive independent modelling of each modality. This review focuses on
[294] Unlocking precision medicine: clinical applications of integrating ... — The aim of this comprehensive review is to explore the clinical applications of integrating health records, genetics, and immunology in precision medicine, facilitated by the advancements in AI, for patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (Fig. 1). By integrating biological and clinical data, AI aids in uncovering novel therapeutic targets and improving the accuracy of disease models, ultimately propelling a shift towards personalized medicine that addresses unique patient genetic profiles. The integration of AI into precision medicine is not just about leveraging AI in isolated clinical applications but about creating a synergistic approach that encompasses health records, genetics, and immunology data. In conclusion, this review highlights the transformative potential of AI-driven precision medicine, integrating health records, genetics, and immunology data.
[297] Frontiers in CAR-T cell therapy for autoimmune diseases — Frontiers in CAR-T cell therapy for autoimmune diseases - ScienceDirect Frontiers in CAR-T cell therapy for autoimmune diseases Clinical results have demonstrated that CD19-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T (CAR-T) cells achieve sustained elimination of autoreactive B cells, leading to promising control of autoimmune diseases with minimal safety concerns. Recent clinical trials have shown sustained and profound elimination of autoreactive B cells by CAR-T cells, leading to promising autoimmune disease control with minimal safety concerns. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which CAR-T cells target autoimmune conditions, summarize current preclinical models, and highlight ongoing clinical trials, including CAR-T therapy design, clinical outcomes, and challenges. Next article in issue No articles found. For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.
[298] CAR T-cell therapy in autoimmune diseases - The Lancet — The length of expected drug-free remission after CAR T-cell therapy for an autoimmune disease remains to be determined. Disease-free observational periods extend to up to 2 years for some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, with patients being in the state of full B-cell reconstitution for the majority of this period.
[299] Advancements and challenges in CAR T cell therapy in autoimmune diseases — In this Review, we discuss important aspects of CAR T cell therapy in autoimmune disease, including considerations relating to patient selection, safety, efficacy and medical management. These considerations are based on the early experiences of CAR T cell therapy in autoimmune diseases, and as the field of CAR T cell therapy in autoimmune
[302] Immunotherapy in Autoimmune Diseases: A Review of Recent Breakthroughs ... — Immunotherapy in Autoimmune Diseases: A Review of Recent Breakthroughs in Using Immunotherapy for Conditions Like Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus, and Multiple Sclerosis | IASR Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science "Immunotherapy in Autoimmune Diseases: A Review of Recent Breakthroughs in Using Immunotherapy for Conditions Like Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus, and Multiple Sclerosis." IASR Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science 4.4 (2024): 48-54. Immunotherapies, like TNF inhibitors, have been effective in clinical trials recently; these treatments help reduce the disease activity of patients and improve the quality of life in responders (Singh et al., 2021). Immunotherapies, like TNF inhibitors, have been effective in clinical trials recently; these treatments help reduce the disease activity of patients and improve the quality of life in responders (Singh et al., 2021).
[304] Daratumumab for autoimmune diseases: a systematic review — Conclusion: Targeting CD38 via daratumumab is a new promising therapeutic option in therapy refractory autoimmune diseases. Efficacy as well as optimal therapeutic regimen and management or prevention of adverse events require further investigation. Therefore, systematic clinical trials of this therapeutic approach are needed.
[314] What Are the Ethical Concerns of AI in Healthcare? — The primary ethical concerns include data privacy, algorithmic bias, transparency, accountability, and the impact on healthcare professionals. 2. How does AI impact patient privacy? AI systems collect and analyze vast amounts of patient data, raising concerns about data security, unauthorized access, and compliance with privacy regulations. 3.
[316] Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence: Ensuring Patient Data ... — Prior to data collection, patients should be provided with comprehensive information on the utilisation, accessibility, and privacy safeguards of their data (Moore et al., 2024). By prioritising confidentiality and implementing robust security measures, healthcare organisations can uphold ethical standards and preserve patient trust in the era
[324] Understanding Autoimmunity: Mechanisms, Predisposing Factors, and ... — Autoimmunity refers to an organism's immune response against its own healthy cells, tissues, or components, potentially leading to irreversible damage to vital organs. Central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms play crucial roles in preventing autoimmunity by eliminating self-reactive T and B cells. The disruption of immunological tolerance, characterized by the failure of these mechanisms
[325] Evolving understanding of autoimmune mechanisms and new therapeutic ... — To date, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the mechanisms of immune tolerance, offering a new avenue for developing antigen-specific immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases.