Microelectronics is a field of engineering and applied physics concerned with the design, fabrication, and application of extremely small electronic circuits and components, typically operating at the micron and sub-micron scales. As a research concept, it investigates the principles and techniques required to integrate complex electronic functionalities onto single semiconductor chips, characterized by high component density, low power consumption, and high operational speed. Its fundamental significance lies in enabling the development of modern computing, communication technologies, and a vast array of electronic devices, forming the technological bedrock of the digital era.