Collaborative Innovation with External Actors: An Empirical Study on Open Innovation Platforms in Smart Cities

Abstract

IntroductionThe role of the cities is expanding from the producer and buyer of services into an innovator of services. Increasingly, cities need to initiate, foster, and enable innovation that offers solutions to their needs and problems (Bakici et al., 2013). Urban innovation is at the heart of the concept of a smart city (Caragliu et al., 2011; Hollands, 2008; Komninos,