Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Leaves of Paramignya trimera (Oliv.) Guillaum and Limnocitrus littoralis (Miq.) Swingle

Abstract

The present study aimed to determine the bioactivities of essential oils extracted from the leaves of <i>Paramignya trimera</i> and <i>Limnocitrus littoralis</i>, including cytotoxicity, antiviral, antibacterial, antimycotic, and antitrichomonas effects. Herein, it was indicated that <i>P. trimera</i> and <i>L. littoralis</i> oils showed no cytotoxicity on normal cells, namely MT-4, BHK-21, MDBK, and Vero-76. <i>P. trimera</i> oil (i) exhibited the strongest inhibition against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> with MIC and MLC values of 2% (<i>v/v</i>); (ii) showed MIC and MLC values of 8% (<i>v/v</i>) in <i>Candida parapsilosis</i>; and (iii) in the remaining strains, showed MIC and MLC values greater than or equal to 16% (<i>v/v</i>). On the other hand, <i>L. littoralis</i> oil (i) displayed the strongest inhibition against <i>Candida tropicalis</i> and <i>Candida parapsilosis</i> with 2% (<i>v/v</i>) of MIC and MLC; and (ii) in the remaining strains, possessed MIC and MLC greater than or equal to 16% (<i>v/v</i>). In addition, antitrichomonas activities of the oils were undertaken, showing IC₅₀, IC₉₀, MLC values, respectively, at 0.016%, 0.03%, and 0.06% (<i>v/v</i>) from <i>P. trimera,</i> and 0.03%, 0.06%, 0.12% (<i>v/v</i>) from <i>L. littoralis</i>, after 48 h of incubation. The oils were completely ineffective against ssRNA+ (HIV-1, YFV, BVDV, Sb-1, CV-B4), ssRNA- (RSV, VSV), dsRNA (Reo-1), and dsDNA (HSV-1, VV) viruses. This is the first report describing the cytotoxicity, antiviral, antibacterial, antimycotic, and antitrichomonas activities of the essential oils of <i>P. trimera</i> and <i>L. littoralis</i>.