Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with Amyloid-β pathology: an international study

Abstract

The presence of pathology related to the deposition of amyloid- (A) has been recently reported in iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (iCJD) acquired from inoculation of growth hormone (GH) extracted from human cadaveric pituitary gland or use of cadaveric dura mater (DM) grafts. To investigate this phenomenon further, a cohort of 27 iCJD cases -21 with adequate number of histopathological sectionsoriginating from Australia, France, Italy, and the Unites States, were examined by immunohistochemistry, amyloid staining, and Western blot analysis of the scrapie prion protein (PrP Sc ), and compared with age-group matched cases of sporadic CJD (sCJD), Alzheimer disease (AD) or free of neurodegenerative diseases (non-ND). Cases of iCJD and sCJD shared similar profiles of proteinase K-resistant PrP Sc with the exception of iCJD harboring the "MMi" phenotype. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), either associated with, or free of, Thioflavin S-positive amyloid core plaques (CP), was observed in 52% of 21 cases of iCJD, which comprised 37.5% and 61.5% of the cases of GH-and DM-iCJD, respectively. If only cases younger than 54 years were considered, A pathology affected 41%, 2% and 0% of iCJD, sCJD and non-ND, respectively. Despite the patients' younger age CAA was more severe in iCJD than sCJD, while A diffuse plaques, in absence of A CP, populated one third of sCJD. A pathology was by far most severe in AD. Tau pathology was scanty in iCJD and sCJD. In conclusion, (i) despite the divergences in the use of cadaveric GH and DM products, our cases combined with previous studies showed remarkably similar iCJD and A phenotypes indicating that the occurrence of A pathology in iCJD is a widespread phenomenon, (ii) CAA emerges as the hallmark of the A phenotype in iCJD since it is observed in nearly 90% of all iCJD with A pathology reported to date including ours, and it is shared by GH-and DM-iCJD, (iii) although the contributions to A pathology of other factors, including GH deficiency, cannot be discounted, our findings increase the mounting evidence that this pathology is acquired by a mechanism resembling that of prion diseases.