Distinct Functionality of Tumor Cell–Derived Gelatinases during Formation of Liver Metastases

Abstract

The specific spatiotemporal role of the matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 (gelatinase) during metastasis is still under debate. Host cells have been described as major contributors to these MMPs during metastasis. Here, we show strong overexpression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by tumor cells of clinical liver specimen of recurrent metachronous metastases, leading us to address the importance of tumor cell-derived MMP-2 or MMP-9 during liver metastasis. Thus far, distinction of their roles was impossible due to lack of inhibitors which can act exclusively on tumor cells or distinguish MMP-2 from MMP-9. We therefore used short hairpin RNA interference technology in the well-established syngeneic L-CI.5s lymphoma model, in which we could analyze the time course of experimental liver colonization (arrest/invasion of single tumor cells, outgrowth, and invasion within the parenchyma) in immunocompetent mice and correlate these steps with MMP-2 or MMP-9 expression levels. In parental tumor cells, MMP-9 expression closely correlated with the invasive phases of liver colonization, whereas MMP-2 expression remained unaltered. Specific knockdown of MMP-9 revealed a close correlation between invasion-dependent events and tumor cell-derived MMP-9 expression. In contrast, knockdown of MMP-2 did not significantly alter the metastatic potential of the cells but led to a marked inhibition of metastatic foci growth. These findings explain the efficacy of gelatinase-specific synthetic inhibitors on invasion and growth of tumor cells and attribute distinct functions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 to aspects of liver metastasis.