Expression of toll-like receptor 2, NOD2 and dectin-1 and stimulatory effects of their ligands and histamine in normal human keratinocytes

Abstract

Our study demonstrated that the expression of functional innate immune receptors is augmented by the pathogen-associated molecules in a ligand-feed forward or nonrelated manner in keratinocytes, and histamine promotes their expression and the resultant production of cytokines and defensins.