Suppression of Apoptosis by Nitric Oxide via Inhibition of Interleukin-1β–converting Enzyme (ICE)-like and Cysteine Protease Protein (CPP)-32–like Proteases

TLDR

Shear stress alters endothelial gene expression, reduces cellular turnover, and is linked to atherosclerotic lesion formation. The study investigates whether shear stress (15 dynes/cm²) suppresses TNF‑α‑induced apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Apoptosis was induced by TNF‑α, quantified by ELISA of histone‑associated DNA fragments and internucleosomal cleavage, and the involvement of ICE‑like and CPP‑32‑like proteases and nitric oxide‑mediated S‑nitrosylation of Cys163 was examined. Shear stress completely abolished TNF‑α‑induced DNA fragmentation, an effect attenuated by NOS inhibition and restored by NO donors, and NO inhibited protease activation via S‑nitrosylation of Cys163, indicating shear‑stress‑mediated NO protects endothelial cells from apoptosis.

Abstract

Physiological levels of shear stress alter the genetic program of cultured endothelial cells and are associated with reduced cellular turnover rates and formation of atherosclerotic lesions in vivo. To test the hypothesis that shear stress (15 dynes/cm2) interferes with programmed cell death, apoptosis was induced in human umbilical venous cells (HUVEC) by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Apoptosis was quantified by ELISA specific for histone-associated DNA-fragments and confirmed by demonstrating the specific pattern of internucleosomal DNA-fragmentation. TNF-alpha (300 U/ml) mediated increase of DNA-fragmentation was completely abrogated by shear stress (446 +/- 121% versus 57 +/- 11%, P <0.05). This anti-apoptotic activity of shear stress decreased after pharmacological inhibition of endogenous nitric oxide (NO)-synthase by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine and was completely reproduced by exogenous NO-donors. The activation of interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme (ICE)-like and cysteine protease protein (CPP)-32-like cysteine proteases was required to mediate TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis of HUVEC. Endothelial-derived nitric oxide (NO) as well as exogenous NO donors inhibited TNF-alpha-induced cysteine protease activation. Inhibition of CPP-32 enzyme activity was due to specific S-nitrosylation of Cys 163, a functionally essential amino acid conserved among ICE/CPP-32-like proteases. Thus, we propose that shear stress-mediated NO formation interferes with cell death signal transduction and may contribute to endothelial cell integrity by inhibition of apoptosis.