Academy of Management Review · 1984 · 4.3K citations · 36 references
ManagementOrganization StudiesOrganizational BehaviorOrganizational CommunicationOrganizational TheoryOrganizationsEnvironmental InterpretationEnvironmental ScanningInterpretive TheoryOrganizational EnvironmentSensemakingOrganizational ImageSensemaking In Organizations
A comparative model of organizations as interpretation systems is proposed. The model describes four interpretation modes: enacting,discovering, undirected viewing, and conditioned viewing. Each mode is determined by (1) management’s beliefs about the environment and (2)organizational intrusiveness. Interpretation modes are hypothesized to be associated with organizational differences in environmental scanning,equivocality reduction, strategy, and decision making.
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The Science of "Muddling Through"
Charles E. Lindblom · Public Administration Review · 1959 · 8.2K citations