Indoxyl Sulfate Downregulates Renal Expression of Klotho through Production of ROS and Activation of Nuclear Factor-ĸB

Abstract

Indoxyl sulfate downregulates Klotho expression in kidneys through production of reactive oxygen species and activation of NF-κB in proximal tubular cells. Indoxyl sulfate may be involved in reduced renal expression of Klotho in CKD.