The Basis of Prostaglandin Synthesis in Coral

Abstract

In vertebrates, the synthesis of prostaglandin hormones is catalyzed by cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, a constitutively expressed enzyme with physiological functions, and COX-2, induced in inflammation and cancer. Prostaglandins have been detected in high concentrations in certain corals, and previous evidence suggested their biosynthesis through a lipoxygenase-allene oxide pathway. Here we describe the discovery of an ancestor of cyclooxygenases that is responsible for prostaglandin biosynthesis in coral. Using a homology-based polymerase chain reaction cloning strategy, the cDNA encoding a polypeptide with ∼50% amino acid identity and and the the amino for and in the in the and the and the and the of amino acid that the in and in is in in the of certain is of the cDNA a cyclooxygenase that acid biosynthesis by the that the cyclooxygenase in the and that and of the In vertebrates, the synthesis of prostaglandin hormones is catalyzed by cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, a constitutively expressed enzyme with physiological functions, and COX-2, induced in inflammation and cancer. Prostaglandins have been detected in high concentrations in certain corals, and previous evidence suggested their biosynthesis through a lipoxygenase-allene oxide pathway. Here we describe the discovery of an ancestor of cyclooxygenases that is responsible for prostaglandin biosynthesis in coral. Using a homology-based polymerase chain reaction cloning strategy, the cDNA encoding a polypeptide with ∼50% amino acid identity and and the the amino for and in the in the and the and the and the of amino acid that the in and in is in in the of certain is of the cDNA a cyclooxygenase that acid biosynthesis by the that the cyclooxygenase in the and that and of the cyclooxygenase prostaglandin polymerase chain reaction of cDNA Prostaglandins have been in a of and In vertebrates, by cyclooxygenase is a with the cyclooxygenase in the of acid and the that the of and is expressed constitutively in and with COX-2, induced in with and amino acid have and an of and that the and for in in and of prostaglandin biosynthesis in in the been the of and the that a the a lipoxygenase-allene oxide the acid in that of acid oxide is in prostaglandin synthesis previous that enzyme of the acid a of with the a and the synthesis is by evidence that a of cyclooxygenases is responsible for prostaglandin synthesis in coral. enzyme been we of Using a homology-based strategy, we and the cDNA encoding the cyclooxygenase that of acid in the In the enzyme in the and of and the of the enzyme that the is an ancestor of cyclooxygenase of of the of and the with a of by with the by and for an of that for cDNA a in of and the and for of and the for with of and the by for and with of by and the the of the with of the by of of and of for by and with by for of in and by of for with an and and of the an of of and and an the an the of and COX-2, for the and is is and is for the of the and for the of the in the of the is of with cDNA of and and of polymerase in a a the for for for for and for for and for reaction with the of of the reaction a for for for for and for and for an and the cloning cDNA the for the and of and the of the cDNA synthesis of for for for and for and for for the of of for for and for by for for the of a cDNA cDNA of the cDNA and of the the the for the and of for the for the reaction for for for and for and for the reaction with of reaction the and a that the cDNA by the of the polypeptide and the the for the the the of the polypeptide with an of the cDNA and the polymerase with the and and the for and of polymerase for for for and for for for and for and for by a with and the cloning and the an and an amino acid with in the with the the and a and a with by the for with the with with with and with by of the cDNA the for in the and and for in the and a the and and the the in the the the of the in the of the in the of the the amino the cDNA a of the cDNA in of the in of with and and by with with and the of of with the and and is a and in with by and in a of of with of and of in a and an of a the the for and and for for a with and by for in of and and by for in a the by in a of for cyclooxygenase with in in of by of by a a with of and with a the an the with the for and in for with and with in for a of and in a of and for and with a the by the an of the of with acid of in of and for by of of an the by with and with the enzyme with in and for with of in a of of the reaction with acid of for by with and cyclooxygenase cDNA by of of ∼50% amino acid identity and for and cyclooxygenase in in the in the of of and the of the the of the for and and and in the enzyme in the amino acid that a and of the in of in the the and of acid the the and in the of that for and the a of by of the of in with and of of in in the of the of the enzyme that the by of for acid and that is by and that is for is and of the of is by the the in a in the for of in the is in is a with in and in in and and and in and COX-2, in in the that the cyclooxygenase and of the and with and that by the and high with that is the concentrations that the enzyme is is with expressed in that is and and in of is in ∼50% of enzyme is in a the and and in a in the and an acid in of is that of the of of the enzyme is a the of the of the is the cyclooxygenases with the and with the the for the of been for of the that the is an of the of and In the of the that of the the and by the the amino the the the for cyclooxygenase detected been that a with a polypeptide the acid of the polypeptide the the been the of for the of in the of the in the of the by the of the a of the the amino acid and is in the in a the that a ancestor of and that of and in of the and the amino acid and the of the of a in is the the of a cyclooxygenase in that the enzyme is the of the of in that in acid an and that the is catalyzed by an enzyme expressed enzyme that a the and of the and in and synthesis a of and of the in an Prostaglandins have been in a of and In vertebrates, by cyclooxygenase is a with the cyclooxygenase in the of acid and the that the of and is expressed constitutively in and with COX-2, induced in with and amino acid have and an of and that the and for in in and of prostaglandin biosynthesis in in the been the of and the that a the a lipoxygenase-allene oxide the acid in that of acid oxide is in prostaglandin synthesis previous that enzyme of the acid a of with the a and the synthesis is by evidence that a of cyclooxygenases is responsible for prostaglandin synthesis in coral. enzyme been Here we of Using a homology-based strategy, we and the cDNA encoding the cyclooxygenase that of acid in the In the enzyme in the and of and the of the enzyme that the is an ancestor of cyclooxygenase of of the of and the with a of by with the by and for an of that for cDNA a in of and the and for of and the for with of and the by for and with of by and the the of the with of the by of of and of for by and with by for of in and by of for with an and and of the an of of and and an the an the of and COX-2, for the and is is and is for the of the and for the of the in the of the is of with cDNA of and and of polymerase in a a the for for for for and for for and for reaction with the of of the reaction a for for for for and for and for an and the cloning cDNA the for the and of and the of the cDNA synthesis of for for for and for and for for the of of for for and for by for for the of a cDNA cDNA of the cDNA and of the the the for the and of for the for the reaction for for for and for and for the reaction with of reaction the and a that the cDNA by the of the polypeptide and the the for the the the of the polypeptide with an of the cDNA and the polymerase with the and and the for and of polymerase for for for and for for for and for and for by a with and the cloning and the an and an amino acid with in the with the the and a and a with by the for with the with with with and with by of the cDNA the for in the and and for in the and a the and and the the in the the the of the in the of the in the of the the amino the cDNA a and in with by and in a of of with of and of in a and an of a the the for and and for for a with and by for in of and and by for in a the by in a of for cyclooxygenase with in in of by of by a a with of and with a the an the with the for and in for with and with in for a of and in a of and for and with a the by the an of the of with acid of in of and for by of of an the by with and with the enzyme with in and for with of in a of of the reaction with acid of for by with and of of the of and the with a of by with the by and for an of that for cDNA a in of and the and for of and the for with of and the by for and with of by and the the of the with of the by of of and of for by and with by for of in and by of for with an and and of the an of of of the of and the with a of by with the by and for an of that for cDNA a in of and the and for of and the for with of and the by for and with of by and the the of the with of the by of of and of for by and with by for of in and by of for with an and and of the an of of cDNA and and an the an the of and COX-2, for the and is is and is for the of the and for the of the in the of the is of with cDNA of and and of polymerase in a a the for for for for and for for and for reaction with the of of the reaction a for for for for and for and for an and the cloning cDNA the for the and of and the of the cDNA synthesis of for for for and for and for for the of of for for and for by for for the of a cDNA cDNA of the cDNA and of the the the for the and of for the for the reaction for for for and for and for the reaction with of reaction the and a that the cDNA by the of the polypeptide and the the for the the the of the polypeptide with an of the cDNA and the polymerase with the and and the for and of polymerase for for for and for for for and for and for by a with and the cloning cDNA and an the an the of and COX-2, for the and is is and is for the of the and for the of the in the of the is of with cDNA of and and of polymerase in a a the for for for for and for for and for reaction with the of of the reaction a for for for for and for and for an and the cloning cDNA the for the and of and the of the cDNA synthesis of for for for and for and for for the of of for for and for by for for the of a cDNA cDNA of the cDNA and of the the the for the and of for the for the reaction for for for and for and for the reaction with of reaction the and a that the cDNA by the of the polypeptide and the the for the the the of the polypeptide with an of the cDNA and the polymerase with the and and the for and of polymerase for for for and for for for and for and for by a with and the cloning the of and COX-2, for the and is is and is for the of the and for the of the in the of the is of with cDNA of and and of polymerase in a a the for for for for and for for and for reaction with the of of the reaction a for for for for and for and for an and the cloning the of and COX-2, for the and is is and is for the of the and for the of the in the of the is of with cDNA of and and of polymerase in a a the for for for for and for for and for reaction with the of of the reaction a for for for for and for and for an and the cloning cDNA the for the and of and the of the cDNA synthesis of for for for and for and for for the of of for for and for by for for the of cDNA the for the and of and the of the cDNA synthesis of for for for and for and for for the of of for for and for by for for the of a cDNA cDNA of the cDNA and of the the the for the and of for the for the reaction for for for and for and for the reaction with of reaction the and a that the a cDNA cDNA of the cDNA and of the the the for the and of for the for the reaction for for for and for and for the reaction with of reaction the and a that the cDNA by the of the polypeptide and the the for the the the of the polypeptide with an of the cDNA and the polymerase with the and and the for and of polymerase for for for and for for for and for and for by a with and the cloning the of the polypeptide and the the for the the the of the polypeptide with an of the cDNA and the polymerase with the and and the for and of polymerase for for for and for for for and for and for by a with and the cloning and the an and an amino acid with in the with the the the an and an amino acid with in the with the the and a and a with by the for with the with with with and with by and a and a with by the for with the with with with and with by of the cDNA the for in the and and for in the and a the and and the the in the the the of the in the of the in the of the the amino the cDNA a of the cDNA the for in the and and for in the and a the and and the the in the the the of the in the of the in the of the the amino the cDNA a and in with by and in a of of with of and of in a and an of a the the for and and for for a with and by for in of and and by for in a the by in a of for cyclooxygenase in with by and in a of of with of and of in a and an of a the the for and and for for a with and by for in of and and by for in a the by in a of for cyclooxygenase with in in of by of by a a with of and with a the an the with in in of by of by a a with of and with a the an the with the for and in for with and with in for a of and in a of and for and with a the by the an with the for and in for with and with in for a of and in a of and for and with a the by the an of the of with acid of in of and for by of of an the by with and with the enzyme with in and for with of in a of of the reaction with acid of for by with and of the of with acid of in of and for by of of an the by with and with the enzyme with in and for with of in a of of the reaction with acid of for by with and cyclooxygenase cDNA by of of ∼50% amino acid identity and for and cyclooxygenase in in the in the of of and the of the the of the for and and and in the enzyme in the amino acid that a and of the in of in the the and of acid the the and in the of that for and the a of by of the of in with and of of in in the of the of the enzyme that the by of for acid and that is by and that is for is and of the of is by the the in a in the for of in the is in is a with in and in in and and and in and COX-2, in in the that the cyclooxygenase and of the and with and that by the and high with that is the concentrations that the enzyme is is with expressed in that is and and in of is in ∼50% of enzyme is in a the and and in a in the and an acid in of is that of the of of the enzyme is a the of the of the is the cyclooxygenases with the and with the the for the of been for of the that the is an of the of and In the of the that of the the and by the the amino the the the for cyclooxygenase detected been that a with a polypeptide the acid of the polypeptide the the been the of for the of in the of the in the of the by the of the a of the the amino acid and is in the in a the that a ancestor of and that of and in of the and the of the of a in is the the of a cyclooxygenase in that the enzyme is the of the of in that in acid an and that the is catalyzed by an enzyme expressed enzyme that a the and of the and in and synthesis a of and of the in an cyclooxygenase cDNA by of of ∼50% amino acid identity and for and cyclooxygenase in in the in the of of and the of the the of the for and and and in the enzyme in the amino acid that a and of the in of in the the and of acid the the and in the of that for and the a of by of the of in with and of of in in the of the of the enzyme that the by of for acid and that is by and that is for is and of the of is by the the in a in the for of in the is in is a with in and in in and and and in and COX-2, in in the that the cyclooxygenase and of the and with and that by the and high with that is the concentrations that the enzyme is is with expressed in that is and and in of is in ∼50% of enzyme is in a the and and in a in the and an acid in of is that of the of of the enzyme is a the of the of the is the cyclooxygenases with the and with the the for the of been for of the that the is an of the of and In the of the that of the the and by the the amino the the the for cyclooxygenase detected been that a with a polypeptide the acid of the polypeptide the the been the of for the of in the of the in the of the by the of the a of the the amino acid and is in the in a the that a ancestor of and that of and in of the and the of the of a in is the the of a cyclooxygenase in that the enzyme is the of the of in that in acid an and that the is catalyzed by an enzyme expressed enzyme that a the and of the and in and synthesis a of and of the in an of and the of the the of the for and and and in the enzyme in the amino acid that a and of the in of in the the and of acid the the and in the of that for and the a of by of the of in with and of of in in the of the of the enzyme that the by of for acid and that is by and that is for is and of the of is by the the in a in the for of in the is in is a with in and in in and and and in and COX-2, in in the that the cyclooxygenase and of the and with and that by the and high with that is the concentrations that the enzyme is is with expressed in that is and and in of is in ∼50% of enzyme is in a the and and in a in the and an acid in of is that of the of of the enzyme is a the of the of the is the cyclooxygenases with the and with the the for the of been for of the that the is an of the of and In the of the that of the the and by the the amino the the the for cyclooxygenase detected been that a with a polypeptide the acid of the polypeptide the the been the of for the of in the of the in the of the by the of the a of the the amino acid and is in the in a the that a ancestor of and that of and in of the and the of the of a in is the the of a cyclooxygenase in that the enzyme is the of the of in that in acid an and that the is catalyzed by an enzyme expressed enzyme that a the and of the and in and synthesis a of and of the in an of and the of the the of the for and and and in the enzyme in the amino acid that a and of the in of in the the and of acid the the and in the of that for and the a of by of the of in with and of of in in the of the of the enzyme that the by of and the of the the of the for and and and in the enzyme in the amino acid that a and of the in of in the the and of acid the the and in the of that for and the a of by of the of in with and of of in in the of the of the enzyme that the by of for acid and that is by and that is for is and of the of is by the the in a in the for of in the is in is a with in and in in and and and in and COX-2, in in the that the cyclooxygenase and of the and with and that by the and high with that is the concentrations that the enzyme is is of for acid and that is by and that is for is and of the of is by the the in a in the for of in the is in is a with in and in in and and and in and COX-2, in in the that the cyclooxygenase and of the and with and that by the and high with that is the concentrations that the enzyme is is with expressed in that is and and in of is in ∼50% of enzyme is in a the and and with expressed in that is and and in of is in ∼50% of enzyme is in a the and and in a in the and an acid in of is that of the of of the enzyme is a the of the of the is the cyclooxygenases with the and with the the for the of been for of the that the is an of the of and In the of the that of the the and by the the amino the the the for cyclooxygenase detected been that a with a polypeptide the acid of the polypeptide the the been the of for the of in the of the in the of the by the of the a of the the amino acid and is in the in a the that a ancestor of and that of and in of the and the of the of a in is the the of a cyclooxygenase in that the enzyme is the of the of in that in acid an and that the is catalyzed by an enzyme expressed enzyme that a the and of the and in and synthesis a of and of the in an in a in the and an acid in of is that of the of of the enzyme is a the of the of the is In the cyclooxygenases with the and with the the for the of been for of the that the is an of the of and In the of the that of the the and by the the amino the the the for cyclooxygenase detected been that a with a polypeptide the acid of the polypeptide the the been the of for the of in the of the in the of the by the of the a of the the amino acid and is in the in a the that a ancestor of and that of and in of the and In the of the of a in is the the of a cyclooxygenase in that the enzyme is the of the of in that in acid an and that the is catalyzed by an enzyme expressed enzyme that a the and of the and in and synthesis a of and of the in an the of and for of the of by of the coral. for and in and for with the and for with the