ATP secreted by endothelial cells blocks CX3CL1-elicited natural killer cell chemotaxis and cytotoxicity via P2Y11 receptor activation

Abstract

Endothelial cells (ECs) represent a major source of actively secreted adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Natural killer (NK) cells can mediate vascular injury in several pathologic conditions, including cytomegalovirus infection and vascular leak syndrome. We studied NK-cell expression of P2 receptors and the role of these nucleotide receptors in the regulation of endothelial-NK cell cross-talk. NK cells from healthy subjects expressed P2Y(₁,₂,₄,₆,₁₁,₁₂,₁₃,₁₄) and P2X(₁,₄,₅,₆,₇) receptors. NK cells stimulated with ATP, but not uridine triphosphate, increased intracellular Ca²(+) and chemokinesis. Moreover, ATP, but not uridine triphosphate, inhibited NK chemotaxis in response to CX₃CL1, whereas chemotaxis to CXCL12 was increased. CX₃CL1 elicited killing of human umbilical vein ECs and human coronary artery ECs by NK cells. However, in the presence of ATP, CX₃CL1 failed to stimulate killing of ECs. Such inhibitory effect was lost on exogenous addition of the ATP-hydrolyzing enzyme apyrase or by pharmacologic inhibition of the P2Y₁₁R, and correlated with increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations induced by ATP or other P2Y₁₁R agonists, including NAD(+). Extracellular ATP regulates NK-cell cytotoxicity via P2Y₁₁R activation, protecting ECs from CX₃CL1-elicited NK cell-mediated killing. These findings point out the P2Y₁₁R as a potential target for pharmacologic intervention aimed at reducing NK-mediated vascular injury.