Table of Contents
Overview
Definition and Purpose
Surgery is a branch of medicine that focuses on the treatment of medical conditions through physical means rather than pharmacological interventions. This encompasses a variety of procedures, including both open surgery, which requires access to the inside of the body, and manipulative techniques performed externally, such as setting broken bones or performing skin grafts.[2.1] The primary purpose of surgery is to address health issues by removing diseased tissues or organs, as seen in extirpative surgery, or by replacing them with transplanted organs from donors in transplantation surgery.[3.1] General surgery serves as the foundational specialty within this field, concentrating on operations involving critical areas such as the stomach, intestines, breast, blood vessels, endocrine glands, and soft tissue tumors, as well as performing amputations when necessary.[3.1] The role of a general surgeon extends beyond the operating room; they are responsible for the comprehensive care of patients throughout the surgical process, which includes preoperative, operative, and postoperative management.[4.1] Successful surgical outcomes depend not only on the technical execution of the procedure but also on thorough preparation and effective follow-up care. Engaging patients in their own care is vital, as it enhances communication with healthcare professionals and fosters patient autonomy.[15.1] Preoperative education plays a significant role in alleviating anxiety and ensuring that patients are well-informed about their surgical experiences, which can lead to improved satisfaction and better overall results.[16.1]Types of Surgery
Surgery encompasses a diverse array of procedures, each designed to address specific medical conditions. Among the most common types of orthopedic surgery performed in the United States are knee replacement surgery, ACL repair surgery, ankle replacement surgery, and bone fracture repair surgery.[11.1] Additionally, one of the most prevalent types of traditional surgery still performed today is the cesarean section (C-section), which involves opening the area to create enough space for the removal of the baby.[11.1] Other frequently performed surgical procedures include appendectomies, which involve the removal of the appendix to treat acute appendicitis, and carotid endarterectomies, aimed at removing blockages from the carotid arteries that supply blood to the brain.[12.1] Debridement, the surgical removal of foreign material or dead tissue from wounds, and skin grafts, often necessitated by burns or surgical removal of diseased skin, are also common practices.[12.1] Furthermore, hysterectomies, which involve the removal of a woman's uterus, and tonsillectomies, the removal of one or both tonsils, are routinely performed surgeries.[12.1] The evolution of surgical techniques has been significantly influenced by advancements in technology. Modern surgical practices increasingly incorporate robotic systems, which enhance precision and control during minimally invasive procedures.[10.1] These robotic systems have transformed surgical capabilities, allowing for telesurgery, where surgeons can operate on patients remotely, thereby improving access to specialized care.[10.1] The integration of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies into surgical training and procedures further exemplifies the technological advancements that have improved surgical outcomes and expanded healthcare access, particularly in remote areas.[7.1]History
Evolution of Surgical Techniques
The evolution of surgical techniques has been significantly influenced by early practices such as mummification, which required a detailed understanding of human anatomy. The practice of mummification had several medical implications, as it necessitated an expert knowledge of the body's internal structure, which ancient embalmers developed through their work.[54.1] This anatomical knowledge not only informed their embalming processes but also influenced surgical methods, paving the way for advancements in anatomy and the use of preservation techniques that resonate in contemporary practices.[48.1] Thus, the legacy of ancient Egyptian mummification has played a crucial role in shaping modern surgical techniques. During the Renaissance, significant advancements in surgical techniques emerged, largely due to the contributions of key figures such as Ambroise Paré. Paré revolutionized surgical practices by promoting the use of ligatures to control bleeding, a notable improvement over the cauterization methods that had been previously employed, ultimately saving countless lives.[47.1] This period also witnessed a critical reevaluation of existing medical doctrines, particularly through the work of anatomists like Andreas Vesalius. His seminal work, De humani corporis fabrica, published in 1543, provided detailed anatomical illustrations based on human dissections, which challenged the long-standing Galenic model and significantly enhanced the understanding of human physiology.[45.1] Furthermore, the interdisciplinary nature of Renaissance anatomy, characterized by experimental investigation and dissection, played a crucial role in modernizing medical research and advancing surgical knowledge.[45.1] Additionally, the discovery of blood circulation by William Harvey in 1628 fundamentally transformed the understanding of human physiology, further influencing surgical practices.[44.1] The evolution of surgical techniques underwent a significant transformation beginning in the 1840s with the introduction of effective anesthetic agents. The American surgeon Crawford Long was the first to use ether, while chloroform was discovered by James Young Simpson and later administered by John Snow to Queen Victoria during childbirth in 1853. This advancement in anesthesia not only alleviated patient suffering but also enabled surgeons to perform more intricate operations within the internal regions of the human body.[41.1] The 20th century further advanced surgical practices with innovations in medical technology, imaging, and the specialization of surgery into various subspecialties. These developments included minimally invasive surgeries and enhanced pain management techniques, which contributed to shorter recovery periods and improved patient outcomes, allowing individuals to return to normal activities more quickly and reducing the burden on hospital resources.[42.1] As the 20th century progressed, surgical techniques continued to evolve with the advent of modern medical technologies. Innovations such as minimally invasive surgery and robotic-assisted procedures have transformed the landscape of surgery, leading to shorter recovery times and improved patient outcomes. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols have also emerged, focusing on optimizing recovery and reducing hospital stays.[42.1]Recent Advancements
Minimally Invasive Surgery
Minimally invasive surgery has emerged as a significant advancement in the field of surgery, characterized by techniques that reduce the size of incisions and minimize trauma to the body. This approach has revolutionized surgical practices, allowing for procedures that were once considered too risky or complex to be performed safely. The introduction of microsurgery has played a pivotal role in this transformation, enhancing surgical outcomes and enabling delicate interventions that improve recovery times and the functionality of repaired tissues and organs.[85.1] The evolution of surgical techniques can be traced back to the 1840s, when the discovery of effective anesthetic agents such as ether and chloroform allowed surgeons to perform more intricate operations within the human body. This breakthrough not only alleviated patient suffering but also expanded the possibilities of surgical interventions.[86.1] As technology continues to advance, the future of minimally invasive surgery promises even greater innovations, potentially democratizing access to specialized surgical care and ensuring that high-quality medical interventions are available to patients regardless of their geographic location.[85.1]Robotic Surgery
Robotic surgery, also known as robot-assisted surgery, represents a significant advancement in minimally invasive surgical techniques, utilizing specialized robotic systems to assist surgeons in performing procedures with enhanced precision and control. The stability and precision of robotic arms significantly reduce the risk of errors during surgery, leading to improved patient outcomes and a decrease in postoperative complications.[98.1] One of the notable innovations in this field is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into robotic surgery, which has further advanced surgical precision and efficiency. AI systems can analyze patient data, including scans and medical history, to generate personalized surgical plans and predict potential outcomes, thereby optimizing surgical approaches and improving patient selection for robotic procedures.[100.1] Additionally, AI capabilities may lead to the development of more autonomous robotic surgical systems, enabling surgeons to perform complex procedures remotely or with minimal assistance.[100.1] Telesurgery, also known as remote surgery, represents a significant advancement in the field of robotic surgery, utilizing high-speed internet connections and robotic systems to enable surgeons to perform procedures on patients located in different geographical areas. This innovative approach has the potential to transcend geographical barriers, thereby expanding access to surgical care for underserved populations and reducing healthcare disparities.[96.1] However, the successful implementation of telesurgery faces several challenges, including the necessity for robust communication networks, effective latency management, and ethical oversight. To address these challenges, advancements such as zero-latency technology, improved haptic feedback, and the integration of 5G networks, the Internet of Things (IoT), and tactile robotics are essential.[95.1] Collaboration among surgeons, engineers, and stakeholders is crucial to ensure the safe, efficient, and equitable implementation of telesurgery.[91.1] Robotic surgery, particularly telesurgery, represents a significant advancement in medical practice, offering numerous benefits while also facing several challenges. The integration of technologies such as 5G networks, the Internet of Things (IoT), and tactile robotics is essential for overcoming barriers in telesurgery, particularly in enhancing haptic feedback and achieving zero-latency communication, which are critical for precise surgical interventions.[95.1] The research and development of remote surgery systems have been revolutionizing medical practice due to their multiple advantages, and the incorporation of 5G technology has been identified as a key factor in expanding the possibilities of telesurgery.[97.1] Furthermore, advancements in robotic platforms, such as the Da Vinci Surgical System, and the development of smaller, more agile robots are facilitating less invasive procedures and enhancing the capabilities for complex surgeries.[83.1] As these technologies continue to evolve, they promise to improve surgical outcomes and expand access to advanced surgical care, although high costs remain a barrier in low-resource settings.[83.1]Classification Of Surgeries
By Urgency
Surgical procedures are commonly classified by urgency into two main categories: elective and emergency surgeries. This classification significantly influences the preoperative assessment and preparation of patients for anesthesia. General anesthesia is typically employed for emergency surgeries, which carry a higher risk of complications, including respiratory depression and cardiac arrest, compared to elective surgeries that may utilize regional anesthesia.[132.1] The preoperative preparation for any surgery involves a multidisciplinary approach, where anesthetists assess the patient's fitness for surgery while the surgical team evaluates the appropriateness of the procedure.[133.1] A thorough history and physical examination are essential components of the preoperative evaluation, focusing on risk factors for cardiac, pulmonary, and infectious complications, as well as determining the patient's functional capacity. For instance, advanced age is associated with an increased risk for surgical morbidity and mortality, largely due to a higher likelihood of underlying disease states in older patients.[134.1] Urgent and emergency procedures present higher risk situations than elective, nonurgent surgeries, often limiting the opportunity for comprehensive preoperative evaluation and treatment.[134.1] Emerging technologies and tools are enhancing preoperative evaluation practices, with advances in digital health records, telemedicine, and risk assessment algorithms improving the efficiency and accuracy of preoperative assessments.[135.1] Access to comprehensive, quality healthcare services is crucial for promoting health and achieving health equity, yet disparities in access persist based on factors such as race, socioeconomic status, and insurance coverage.[143.1] These disparities can significantly affect the utilization of surgical interventions, particularly among racial and ethnic minority populations and those with low socioeconomic status, who are more vulnerable to experiencing healthcare disparities.[144.1] Understanding these disparities is essential for addressing inequities in patient access to surgical care across different demographics.[141.1] The classification of surgeries plays a crucial role in enhancing patients' understanding of their treatment options, which can significantly impact their ability to make informed decisions. When patients comprehend these classifications, they are better equipped to prepare for their procedures, resulting in reduced anxiety and improved satisfaction.[120.1] Furthermore, advocacy in healthcare is essential as it empowers individuals to uphold human dignity and equality, ensuring that appropriate decisions are made in patient care.[121.1] This advocacy not only optimizes patient care but also influences the policies and processes within the healthcare profession, highlighting the importance of clear communication and support systems for patients navigating complex surgical options.[121.1]By Invasiveness
Surgical procedures can be classified into two primary categories based on their invasiveness: minimally invasive surgeries and open surgeries. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has emerged as a game-changer in the field, involving procedures performed through small incisions with the use of specialized instruments and cameras, which results in less pain, faster recovery, and reduced hospital stays for patients.[136.1] Examples of minimally invasive techniques include laparoscopy and arthroscopy.[122.1] In contrast, open surgeries involve larger incisions and are typically employed for more complex or serious conditions, such as open-heart surgery or organ transplants, often necessitating longer recovery periods.[122.1] Both surgical methods carry distinct risks, including the potential for infection and complications related to urination post-surgery.[122.1] Surgeries are generally categorized into two main types: major surgery and minor surgery. Major surgeries are extensive procedures that often necessitate an overnight or extended hospital stay due to their complexity, which may involve entering a body cavity, removing an organ, or repairing a large body part.[129.1] These surgeries typically require a team of surgeons and may involve anesthesia or respiratory assistance.[131.1] Common examples of major surgeries include cardiac operations, bowel cavity surgeries, reconstructive surgeries, deep tissue procedures, and organ transplants.[131.1] In contrast, open surgeries, a specific type of major surgery, involve larger incisions that provide surgeons with a full view of the structures or organs being operated on. Open surgeries are often performed for serious conditions, such as the removal of organs like the gallbladder or kidneys, and generally entail longer recovery periods.[123.1] The choice between minimally invasive and open surgical techniques can significantly impact patient outcomes, including recovery times and complication rates. Advancements in surgical technologies, such as robotic surgery, have further enhanced the precision and control of minimally invasive procedures, leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced postoperative complications.[139.1] As surgical techniques continue to evolve, the classification of surgeries by invasiveness remains a critical factor in determining the appropriate approach for various medical conditions.[138.1]In this section:
Risks And Complications
Common Surgical Complications
All surgeries carry inherent risks of complications, which can vary significantly based on several factors, including the type of surgery, the duration of the procedure, the necessity for general anesthesia, and individual patient characteristics such as age and pre-existing health conditions.[154.1] Common complications associated with surgical procedures include surgical site infections (SSIs), nerve damage, organ dysfunction, and chronic health problems.[154.1] The risk of SSIs can be exacerbated by factors such as accidental perforation of organs or surgical gloves, which may expose the surgical site to bacteria.[153.1] To mitigate these risks, it is essential for patients to choose experienced surgeons and facilities that specialize in the specific procedure.[153.1] In addition to SSIs, other complications may arise during surgery, particularly in patients with underlying conditions such as heart disease, which can increase the strain on the heart during surgical stress.[156.1] Effective preoperative assessments and meticulous surgical techniques are critical in reducing the likelihood of adverse outcomes.[155.1] Furthermore, anesthesia-related complications are also a significant concern. These complications can stem from various factors, including the type of anesthetic agents used, the patient's medical history, and the complexity of the surgical procedure.[173.1] Continuous monitoring of patients during anesthesia is vital to quickly identify and address any complications that may arise.[174.1] Recent advancements in technology, such as artificial intelligence and robotics, hold promise for enhancing patient safety in anesthesiology by improving monitoring and decision-making processes.[175.1]Strategies to Minimize Risks
To minimize the risks associated with surgery, several strategies are employed that focus on preoperative assessments, patient education, and adherence to established protocols. A comprehensive preoperative assessment is crucial for evaluating patients prior to surgery, allowing healthcare providers to gather essential information for risk assessment and perioperative management decisions. This process includes optimizing chronic medical conditions, coordinating care among specialists, and making evidence-based recommendations for both the surgical and anesthetic teams.[168.1] Patient education plays a significant role in mitigating surgical risks. Effective communication between healthcare providers and patients can lead to improved understanding of the surgical procedure, potential risks, and necessary lifestyle changes. Studies have shown that enhanced physician-patient engagement and education can yield clinical benefits across various chronic illnesses, which can also translate to better surgical outcomes.[166.1] Furthermore, preoperative education is a vital nursing task that ensures patients receive critical information before surgery, although it may sometimes be insufficient.[167.1] The implementation of standardized protocols, such as the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist, has been shown to significantly reduce errors and adverse events in surgical settings. This 19-item checklist enhances teamwork and communication among surgical teams, contributing to lower morbidity and mortality rates.[159.1] Additionally, the administration of appropriate antibiotics before incision is a key strategy to prevent surgical site infections (SSIs), tailored to the specific surgical procedure and patient risk factors.[165.1] Anesthesia management is another critical area where risks can be minimized. Anesthesiologists conduct thorough health assessments to identify any medical conditions or medications that may increase the risk of complications during anesthesia.[164.1] By understanding these risks and implementing comprehensive strategies, healthcare providers can work collaboratively with patients to ensure safer surgical experiences.[165.1]In this section:
Patient Care
Preoperative Care
Preoperative care is a critical component of surgical patient management, encompassing various strategies aimed at preparing patients for surgery and enhancing their overall experience. One of the fundamental aspects of preoperative care is patient education, which provides individuals with essential health information, psychosocial support, and the opportunity to acquire necessary skills prior to their surgical procedures.[182.1] This education not only prepares patients for the operational aspects of their surgery but also fosters improved communication between patients and healthcare professionals, thereby enhancing patient autonomy and decision-making.[183.1] The significance of preoperative patient education extends to its impact on postoperative recovery. Systematic reviews have demonstrated that effective preoperative education can reduce anxiety and improve recovery outcomes for patients undergoing abdominal surgery.[184.1] By addressing patients' concerns and providing them with a clear understanding of what to expect, healthcare providers can alleviate preoperative anxiety, which is a common experience among surgical patients.[191.1] Various strategies, such as structured educational interventions and psychological support, have been shown to enhance patient satisfaction and reduce perceived knowledge gaps regarding their surgical procedures.[189.1] In addition to education, comprehensive preoperative nursing care involves thorough patient assessments, including psychological evaluations to gauge readiness for surgery.[188.1] These assessments are crucial for identifying any mental health issues that may affect surgical outcomes, particularly in populations such as bariatric surgery patients, who often present with higher rates of psychiatric diagnoses.[196.1] Furthermore, the perioperative dialogue between healthcare providers and patients aims to relieve suffering and uphold patient dignity, emphasizing the importance of a trusting relationship during this critical phase.[186.1]Postoperative Care
Postoperative care in the context of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has evolved significantly due to advancements in robotic-assisted techniques. Robotic surgery, which employs specialized robotic systems, allows surgeons to perform procedures with enhanced precision and control, thereby reducing the risk of errors and improving patient outcomes. This precision contributes to fewer postoperative complications, which is a critical aspect of patient recovery.[195.1] The integration of robotics in MIS not only enhances surgical accuracy but also minimizes patient discomfort. The smaller incisions typical of MIS lead to less pain and quicker recovery times, which are essential factors in patient satisfaction.[194.1] Furthermore, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in robotic surgery is anticipated to further improve decision-making during procedures, potentially leading to even better postoperative results.[194.1] In addition to the technical advancements, the concept of telesurgery has emerged, allowing surgeons to operate remotely using robotic systems. This innovation can significantly enhance access to surgical care, particularly for patients in underserved areas, thereby addressing healthcare disparities.[195.1]In this section:
Ethical Considerations
Informed Consent
Informed consent is a fundamental ethical and legal requirement in surgical practice, serving as a cornerstone for patient-centered care and ethical treatment decisions. It ensures that patients are fully informed about the medical procedures or treatments they may undergo, thereby enabling them to make autonomous decisions regarding their care.[220.1] The informed consent process involves a comprehensive communication and documentation exchange between the patient and a licensed independent provider, where the provider confirms the patient's understanding by asking them to explain the procedure, its purpose, and associated risks in their own words.[218.1] The ethical significance of informed consent is deeply rooted in principles of patient autonomy and beneficence. Patient autonomy emphasizes the right of individuals to make informed choices about their healthcare, while beneficence underscores the obligation of healthcare providers to act in the best interests of their patients.[209.1] This delicate balance between respecting patient autonomy and ensuring beneficence presents ethical challenges for surgeons, particularly when patients may have limited understanding of the risks and benefits involved in surgical procedures.[210.1] To enhance the informed consent process, healthcare organizations are encouraged to adopt clear policies that promote effective communication between providers and patients, rather than viewing consent merely as a signature on a form.[211.1] Recommendations include the implementation of health literacy-based consent forms and training programs focused on improving provider-patient communication.[220.1] Such measures aim to foster an environment where patients feel comfortable asking questions and engaging in shared decision-making, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes.[220.1] Informed consent is an established ethical and legal requirement for surgical treatment, deeply rooted in Anglo-American political theory and articulated through various judicial decisions.[217.1] It serves as the ethical foundation for modern practices of shared decision-making and patient-centered care.[217.1] The informed consent process is fundamentally a communication and documentation procedure between a patient and a licensed independent provider. During this process, the provider confirms the patient's understanding by asking them to explain the procedure, its purpose, and the associated risks in their own words.[218.1] This conversation is documented on a surgical procedure consent form, which includes essential details such as the facility name, the full procedure name, a statement confirming that the procedure, risks, benefits, and alternatives were discussed, and the signatures of the patient or their legally authorized representative, the licensed independent provider, and a witness, along with the date and time of the signatures.[218.1] However, studies have shown that a significant percentage of patients may not adequately inform themselves about their surgical procedures prior to the consent process. For example, a survey of patients undergoing cataract surgery revealed that 40% had not informed themselves about the surgery beforehand, with 60% believing that the procedure posed no risk of severe complications.[219.1] This underscores the necessity for clear documentation and verbal explanations of risks and benefits, as the provision of complete and frank information has been shown to positively influence patients' decisions to proceed with surgery.[219.1] Therefore, while specific consent forms provide standardization, the informed consent process must still involve a thorough verbal explanation of the written content.[219.1]Patient Autonomy
In surgical practice, patient autonomy is a fundamental ethical principle that emphasizes the right of patients to make informed decisions about their own healthcare. This principle is closely intertwined with beneficence, which is the obligation of healthcare providers to act in the best interests of their patients. The interaction between these two principles often presents ethical challenges, particularly in complex surgical cases where patients may not fully understand the risks and benefits involved in their treatment options.[215.1] Informed consent is a critical aspect of respecting patient autonomy, requiring surgeons to ensure that patients are adequately informed about the risks, benefits, and alternatives to surgical procedures.[215.1] This process not only supports the patient's right to self-determination but also necessitates that surgeons disclose all relevant medical information, thereby fostering an environment of truth-telling and confidentiality.[214.1] The ethical dilemma arises when there is a conflict between beneficence and autonomy, particularly in situations where a surgeon may believe that a certain intervention is in the patient's best interest, yet the patient may refuse it.[214.1] Shared decision-making is a form of patient-centered care that combines clinical expertise with patients' personal values and preferences to select the most appropriate treatment options, particularly in high-risk surgical cases.[223.1] This approach is recognized as the ethical ideal in surgical practice, as it allows for a collaborative decision-making process where both the clinician and the patient engage in dialogue about values and the available evidence-based options.[222.1] While shared decision-making is essential, it also presents challenges, especially when patients may not fully understand the risks and benefits involved in their treatment.[216.1] By utilizing shared decision-making techniques, clinicians can navigate these complexities, ensuring that the chosen course of action aligns with both ethical principles and the patient's wishes.[223.1] Ultimately, the ethical considerations surrounding patient autonomy in surgery underscore the necessity for surgeons to navigate the delicate balance between respecting patient choices and fulfilling their professional obligation to act in the patient's best interest.[224.1] This balance is essential for fostering trust in the surgeon-patient relationship and ensuring optimal patient outcomes.Future Directions
Innovations in Surgical Technology
Innovations in surgical technology have significantly transformed the landscape of surgical procedures, particularly through the integration of robotics and artificial intelligence (AI). Robotic surgery, also known as robot-assisted surgery, employs specialized robotic systems that assist surgeons in performing minimally invasive procedures with enhanced precision and control. This technique not only reduces the risk of errors during surgery but also leads to improved patient outcomes and decreased postoperative complications.[247.1] The advent of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has marked a pivotal milestone in surgical advancement, characterized by smaller incisions and reduced recovery times. Robotics has further refined MIS by providing powerful tools that enhance surgical accuracy and minimize patient discomfort.[246.1] As technology continues to evolve, the combination of robotics with AI and machine learning is anticipated to further enhance surgical techniques. These technologies can assist surgeons in making informed decisions during procedures and may even predict surgical outcomes based on data analysis.[248.1] Moreover, the development of telesurgery, which utilizes high-speed internet connections and robotic systems, allows surgeons to perform operations remotely, thereby overcoming geographical barriers and improving access to surgical care for patients in underserved areas.[240.1] This innovation not only addresses healthcare disparities but also ensures that patients receive high-quality treatment regardless of their location.[247.1] Public-private partnerships (PPPs) have emerged as a vital tool for enhancing healthcare access and affordability by fostering collaboration between government entities, private industries, and healthcare providers.[241.1] These partnerships leverage the strengths and resources of all parties involved to address long-standing inequities in healthcare access and outcomes, particularly for underserved populations.[242.1] Various models of PPPs in the health sector have evolved to tackle specific healthcare challenges, driving innovation and promoting knowledge sharing, which ultimately improves patient outcomes and public health.[243.1] However, it is important to recognize that surgical outcomes at certain facilities may be worse than their counterparts due to differences in patient populations and other factors, with some safety-net hospitals lacking access to minimally invasive interventions such as robotic surgery.[244.1] Addressing these disparities is crucial for maximizing the impact of PPPs on healthcare innovation and improving health outcomes globally.In this section:
Machine LearningPublic-private PartnershipsKnowledge SharingPublic HealthHealthcare Innovation
References
[2] surgery summary | Britannica — surgery, Branch of medicine concerned with treatment by physical means rather than drugs. In addition to operations requiring access to the inside of the body (open surgery), it includes manipulation from outside the body (e.g., setting of a broken bone, skin grafts).
[3] Surgery | Definition, History, Type, & Techniques | Britannica — Surgery | Definition, History, Type, & Techniques | Britannica Ask the Chatbot Games & Quizzes History & Society Science & Tech Biographies Animals & Nature Geography & Travel Arts & Culture ProCon Money Videos surgery surgery https://www.britannica.com/science/surgery-medicine Extirpative surgery involves the removal of diseased tissue or organs. Transplantation surgery involves the use of organs transplanted from other bodies to replace diseased organs in patients. General surgery is the parent specialty and now centres on operations involving the stomach, intestines, breast, blood vessels in the extremities, endocrine glands, tumours of soft tissues, and amputations.
[4] General Surgeon: What They Do, Training & Surgeries Performed — Overview. What is a general surgeon? A general surgeon is a doctor and a surgeon who's trained to care for the whole patient in all the ways necessary, including surgery. They diagnose and manage a broad array of medical conditions before, during and after surgery (preoperative, operative and postoperative care), often as leaders of a team
[7] How 9 Breakthrough Technologies Are Shaping the Future of Surgery — These technologies also enhance surgical navigation systems, providing real-time feedback to surgeons during procedures. Surgeons are increasingly utilizing virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies to enhance surgical procedures and training. Smart surgical instruments have cutting-edge technology and data analytics capabilities, enabling surgeons to make real-time decisions and improve patient outcomes. This technology has allowed surgeons to operate on patients who are miles away, providing access to specialized procedures and expertise that may not be available locally. As with the titanium and cobalt-chromium alloys used in 3D-printed implants, advancements in PPE materials now play a crucial role in enhancing staff and patient safety during surgical procedures. These technologies can improve surgical precision, enhance patient outcomes, and expand access to quality healthcare, especially in remote areas.
[10] Advancements in Robotic Surgery: A Comprehensive Overview of Current ... — Robotic surgery, also known as robot-assisted surgery, refers to a minimally invasive surgical technique where specialized robotic systems are employed to assist surgeons in performing procedures with unparalleled precision and control. The robotic arms' stability and precision reduce the risk of errors during surgery, leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced postoperative complications . Telesurgery: Telesurgery, also known as remote surgery, leverages robotic systems and high-speed internet connections to enable surgeons to perform procedures on patients in different locations. By reducing geographical barriers and enhancing access to surgical care, robotic surgery can reduce healthcare disparities and ensure that patients worldwide receive the best possible treatment, regardless of location .
[11] 6 Most Common Surgical Procedures in the US - TopLine MD — The most common types of orthopedic surgery performed in the United States include: Knee replacement surgery; ACL repair surgery; Ankle replacement surgery; Bone fracture repair surgery; ... One of the most common types of traditional surgery still performed today is a C-section. To have enough space to remove the baby, the area must be opened
[12] Common Surgical Procedures - Johns Hopkins Medicine — Common Surgical Procedures | Johns Hopkins Medicine An appendectomy is the surgical removal of the appendix, a small tube that branches off the large intestine, to treat acute appendicitis. Carotid endarterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove blockage from carotid arteries, the arteries located in the neck that supply blood to the brain. Debridement involves the surgical removal of foreign material and/or dead, damaged, or infected tissue from a wound or burn. Skin grafts are often done as a result of burns, injury, or surgical removal of diseased skin. A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of a woman's uterus. The surgical removal of one or both tonsils.
[15] The Role of Patient Education in Surgical Care - Kirby Surgical Center — The Importance of Patient Education in Surgical Care Patient education is a crucial element of surgical care that goes beyond merely helping patients prepare for their operations. It also fosters better communication between patients and healthcare professionals, strengthens patient autonomy and decision-making, and promotes awareness about the importance of follow-up care and appropriate
[16] Bridging the gap: evaluation of preoperative patients' education by ... — Bridging the gap: evaluation of preoperative patients’ education by comparing expectations and real-perioperative surgical experiences: a mixed-methods descriptive cross-sectional study - PMC Education during the preoperative phase helps to prepare patients for coming surgical experience by offering access to health information, postoperative psychosocial support, and the ability to relieve surgical anxiety . This research investigated the effect of structured preoperative education on patient anxiety levels, satisfaction with the information supplied, and perceived knowledge gaps among people undergoing surgery. This study emphasizes the importance of systematic preoperative education for reducing anxiety, increasing patient satisfaction, and improving surgical results. Effect of preoperative education and ICU tour on patient and family satisfaction and anxiety in the intensive care unit after elective cardiac surgery: a randomised controlled trial.
[41] History of surgery - Wikipedia — Beginning in the 1840s, European surgery began to change dramatically in character with the discovery of effective and practical anesthetic chemicals such as ether, first used by the American surgeon Crawford Long (1815–1878), and chloroform, discovered by James Young Simpson (1811–1870) and later pioneered in England by John Snow (1813–1858), physician to Queen Victoria, who in 1853 administered chloroform to her during childbirth, and in 1854 disproved the miasma theory of contagion by tracing a cholera outbreak in London to an infected water pump. In addition to relieving patient suffering, anaesthesia allowed more intricate operations in the internal regions of the human body.
[42] How Surgery has Changed Over the Years - HighSurgery — All Posts, History of Surgery, Surgical Innovations and Technology / December 6, 2022 From the early hands-on approaches of ancient civilizations to the precision of robotic-assisted procedures today, the journey of surgery is a testament to human ingenuity, scientific advancement, and relentless pursuit of improving patient outcomes. The 20th century brought unprecedented advancements in medical technology, imaging, and surgical techniques, leading to the specialization of surgery into various subspecialties. Minimally invasive surgeries, enhanced pain management, and ERAS protocols have contributed to shorter recovery periods, allowing patients to return to normal activities faster and reducing the burden on hospital resources. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) – An initiative improving surgical outcomes.
[44] The Legacy of Renaissance Medicine and Anatomy - DANTE SISOFO — During the Renaissance, however, physicians and anatomists began to question Galen's teachings. ... Paré's innovations in surgery saved countless lives, and Harvey's discovery of blood circulation fundamentally changed the understanding of human physiology. Moreover, the interdisciplinary nature of Renaissance anatomy, with its
[45] The Medical Renaissance | History of Western Civilization II — The Renaissance period witnessed groundbreaking developments in medical sciences, including advancements in human anatomy, physiology, surgery, dentistry, and microbiology. During the Renaissance, experimental investigation, particularly in the field of dissection and body examination, advanced the knowledge of human anatomy and modernized medical research. His anatomical reports, based mainly on dissection of monkeys and pigs, remained uncontested until 1543, when printed descriptions and illustrations of human dissections were published in the seminal work De humani corporis fabrica by Andreas Vesalius, who first demonstrated the mistakes in the Galenic model. “History of medicine.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medicine. “Humorism.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humorism. “Andreas Vesalius.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius. “Ambroise Paré.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambroise_Par%C3%A9. “William Harvey.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harvey. “Medical Renaissance.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Renaissance. “Galen.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen. “Vesalius Fabrica p174.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius%23mediaviewer/File:Vesalius_Fabrica_p174.jpg. “Vesalius01.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vesalius01.jpg.
[47] Surgery Through the Ages: A Historical Overview — MyCenturaHealth offers a platform to delve into this historical overview, shedding light on the progression of surgical techniques and technologies. ... The Renaissance period marked a significant advancement in surgical knowledge, with figures like Ambroise Paré revolutionizing surgical techniques and promoting the use of ligatures to control
[48] Egyptian Mummification: Techniques & Roles | Vaia — Medical Significance of Mummification: Embalmers gained anatomical knowledge, influenced surgical methods, and utilized preservation techniques that resonate in contemporary practices. Legacy of Ancient Egyptian Mummification: Paved the way for advancements in anatomy, embalming, and the use of natural products, significantly shaping modern
[54] Egyptian Mummification: Techniques & Roles | Vaia — The practice of mummification had several medical implications, as it required a detailed understanding of human anatomy. Here are some notable medical significances: Understanding of Anatomy: The process necessitated a detailed knowledge of human anatomy. Ancient embalmers developed an expert understanding of the body's internal structure
[83] The Future of Medicine: How Surgery is Evolving with Technological ... — – Gynecological surgeries – Da Vinci Surgical System: The most widely used robotic platform, facilitating a range of procedures from urology to cardiac surgery. – Autonomous Robots: Incorporating AI to perform specific surgical tasks independently under surgeon supervision. – Smaller and More Agile Robots: Facilitating even less invasive procedures with smaller instruments tailored for delicate surgeries. – Enhanced capabilities for complex and delicate surgeries. – Enhanced surgical strategy formulation. – Training and Adaptation: Equipping surgeons and medical staff with the necessary skills to operate remote surgical systems effectively. – Continued innovation in remote surgical technologies to enhance reliability and functionality. – High costs of cutting-edge surgical technologies limiting access in low-resource settings. – Enhanced predictive models for surgical outcomes based on genetic data.
[85] Key Breakthroughs in the History of Surgical Research and Their Impact ... — All Posts, History of Surgery, Surgical Innovations and Technology / January 10, 2023 This breakthrough not only improved surgical outcomes but also expanded the scope of surgeries that could be safely performed, including abdominal and orthopedic operations. Microsurgery vastly improved outcomes for patients requiring delicate surgical interventions, reducing recovery times and enhancing the functionality of repaired tissues and organs. Remote surgery can democratize access to specialized surgical care, ensuring that patients irrespective of their geographic location receive high-quality medical interventions. As we stand on the brink of new technological advancements, the future of surgery promises even greater innovations that will continue to enhance human life, making once unimaginable procedures a reality. Cultural Influences in Surgery: How Traditions Shape Surgical Practices Globally
[86] History of surgery - Wikipedia — Beginning in the 1840s, European surgery began to change dramatically in character with the discovery of effective and practical anesthetic chemicals such as ether, first used by the American surgeon Crawford Long (1815–1878), and chloroform, discovered by James Young Simpson (1811–1870) and later pioneered in England by John Snow (1813–1858), physician to Queen Victoria, who in 1853 administered chloroform to her during childbirth, and in 1854 disproved the miasma theory of contagion by tracing a cholera outbreak in London to an infected water pump. In addition to relieving patient suffering, anaesthesia allowed more intricate operations in the internal regions of the human body.
[91] Telesurgery: Challenges, Ethical Considerations, and Opportunities in ... — Telesurgery can revolutionize health care by facilitating remote surgical interventions and expanding access to underserved regions. Its success depends on robust communication networks, latency management, and ethical oversight, which require collaboration between surgeons, engineers, and stakeholders to ensure safe, efficient, and equitable implementation.
[95] Telesurgery and Robotics: An Improved and Efficient Era - PMC — Telesurgery or remote surgery is a promising surgical advancement, however faces many challenges. Zero-latency time and improvement in haptic feedback technology are required for precise and well-done surgeries. Technologies like 5G network, IoT, and tactile robotics should be integrated in telesurgery to overcome these barriers.
[96] Telesurgery applications, current status, and future perspectives in ... — The healthcare landscape is shifting with rapid technological advancement, and Telesurgery, also known as remote surgery, is critical for humanitarian implications. This innovative approach holds the potential to deliver surgical expertise beyond geographical boundaries, transcending limitations, and offering support to underserved populations.
[97] A new telesurgery generation supported by 5G technology: benefits and ... — The research and development of these remote surgery systems have been revolutionizing the medicine praxis due to its multiple benefits. During the last years, these systems have substantially improved many of their main limiting aspects, furthermore, the incorporation of 5G technology is a booster in telesurgery possibilities.
[98] Advancements in Robotic Surgery: A Comprehensive Overview of Current ... — Robotic surgery, also known as robot-assisted surgery, refers to a minimally invasive surgical technique where specialized robotic systems are employed to assist surgeons in performing procedures with unparalleled precision and control. The robotic arms' stability and precision reduce the risk of errors during surgery, leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced postoperative complications . Telesurgery: Telesurgery, also known as remote surgery, leverages robotic systems and high-speed internet connections to enable surgeons to perform procedures on patients in different locations. By reducing geographical barriers and enhancing access to surgical care, robotic surgery can reduce healthcare disparities and ensure that patients worldwide receive the best possible treatment, regardless of location .
[100] Artificial intelligence: revolutionizing robotic surgery: review — The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into robotic surgery has further advanced surgical precision, efficiency, and accessibility. Robotic-assisted minimally invasive colorectal surgery with AI is being studied for enhanced visualization and improved surgical precision63. The use of robotics in bariatric surgery has been advancing since Cadiere et al. | Personalized surgical planning with AI78 | AI can analyze patient data (scans, medical history) to generate individualized surgical plans and predict potential outcomes | - Optimized surgical approaches - Improved patient selection for robotic surgery - Potentially better long-term results | Enhanced autonomy: Advancements in AI could lead to the development of more autonomous robotic surgical systems, potentially enabling surgeons to perform complex procedures remotely or with minimal assistance94,95.
[120] Surgery Classifications - Differences and Examples — Surgeries normally fall into two comprehensive types, major surgery, and minor surgery. There two main classes of surgery • Major - Major surgeries are usually extensive and warrant an overnight or extended stay in a hospital. These surgeries include extensive work such as entering a body cavity, removing an organ or altering the body's
[121] 31.1 Surgical Concepts - Fundamentals of Nursing - OpenStax — This chapter provides an overview of several important surgical concepts, including classifications of surgical procedures, types of anesthesia used in surgery, and some recent advancements and trends to consider. Surgery can be broadly classified into four main types: emergent, urgent, expedited, and elective.
[122] Explore 24 Types of Surgery and Their Role in Healthcare — This guide offers an overview of types of surgeries, their purposes, and how they are performed, helping to ease concerns and provide clarity for patients facing surgery decisions and medical students curious to explore this field. Minimally Invasive Surgeries: Procedures that typically consist of small incisions using special tools, resulting in less pain, faster recovery, and reduced hospital stays (e.g., laparoscopy and arthroscopy). Open Surgeries: Traditional open surgeries involve larger incisions, typically used for complex or serious illnesses like open-heart surgery or organ transplants, and often require longer recovery periods. Risks are different for every kind of surgery, and recovery time ranges from a few days to a couple of weeks. Open surgery Both minimally-invasive and open methods are used, and the risks include infection or problems with urination after the surgery.
[123] General Surgery Types - Stanford Health Care — Depending on the type of surgery, there are several surgery methods that may be performed: Open surgery - an "open" surgery means the cutting of skin and tissues so that the surgeon has a full view of the structures or organs involved. Examples of open surgery are the removal of the organs, such as the gallbladder or kidneys.
[129] What Qualifies as Major or Minor Surgery? - chspecialists.org — Major surgery is a procedure that involves the removal of an organ or body part, or the repair of a large body part. The term "major" is relative; what may be major surgery for one person may not be considered for another person. Major surgeries are usually performed by a team of surgeons and require a hospital stay. The most common types
[131] Surgery Classifications - Differences and Examples — Patients undergoing major surgeries usually require anesthesia or respiratory assistance and sometimes even both. Examples of major surgery include cardiac operations, any bowel cavity operations, reconstructive surgery, deep tissue procedures, any transplant procedures, as well as any surgeries in the abdomen, chest or cranium.
[132] Anesthesiology: Elective Surgery Vs. Emergency Surgery (Exposed) — General anesthesia is typically used for emergency surgery, while regional anesthesia may be used for elective surgery: General anesthesia carries a higher risk of complications, such as respiratory depression and cardiac arrest: 3: Monitor patient safety throughout the procedure: Patient safety concerns are heightened during emergency surgery
[133] Preoperative investigations for elective surgical patients in a ... — Keywords: Preoperative, Laboratory, Investigation, Elective surgery, Anesthesia. ... The pre-operative preparation of patients undergoing any surgery involves a multidisciplinary approach. The anesthetists assess the patient's fitness for surgery and the surgical team assesses the appropriateness of the surgery .
[134] Preoperative Evaluation - AAFP — A history and physical examination, focusing on risk factors for cardiac, pulmonary and infectious complications, and a determination of a patient's functional capacity, are essential to any preoperative evaluation. For example, advanced age places a patient at increased risk for surgical morbidity and mortality.3,4 The reason for an age-related increase in surgical complications appears to correlate with an increased likelihood of underlying disease states in older persons, because studies have found that healthy elderly patients have surgical complication rates comparable to those of healthy younger patients.5,6 Diseases associated with an increased risk for surgical complications include respiratory and cardiac disease, malnutrition and diabetes mellitus.7 With respect to the type of surgery, urgent and emergency procedures constitute higher risk situations than elective, nonurgent surgery and present a limited opportunity for preoperative evaluation and treatment.
[135] PDF — the anesthesia plan and addressing any specific concerns related to the patient's condition . Emerging technologies and tools are enhancing preoperative evaluation practices. Advances in digital health records, telemedicine, and risk assessment algorithms are improving the efficiency and accuracy of preoperative assessments.
[136] The Latest Advancements in Surgical Techniques - MeddiPop — In this article, we will explore some of the latest advancements in surgical techniques that are shaping the future of medicine. Minimally Invasive Surgery. Minimally invasive surgery has emerged as a game-changer in the field of surgery. It involves performing procedures through small incisions using specialized instruments and cameras.
[138] PDF — From ancient practices rooted in trial and error to the precision of contemporary minimally invasive procedures, surgical techniques have constantly evolved to improve patient outcomes, reduce complications, and enhance recovery times. Through a comprehensive exploration of surgical history, techniques, and innovations, this article demonstrates how surgery has transitioned from a perilous endeavor to a highly sophisticated and life-saving discipline. Minimally invasive surgery Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS), also known as laparoscopic or keyhole surgery, marked a significant milestone in surgical advancement. As technology continues to advance and interdisciplinary collaboration expands, the future of surgery appears promising, holding the potential to further improve patient outcomes and redefine the boundaries of medical possibility.
[139] Advancements in Robotic Surgery: A Comprehensive Overview of Current ... — Robotic surgery, also known as robot-assisted surgery, refers to a minimally invasive surgical technique where specialized robotic systems are employed to assist surgeons in performing procedures with unparalleled precision and control. The robotic arms' stability and precision reduce the risk of errors during surgery, leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced postoperative complications . Telesurgery: Telesurgery, also known as remote surgery, leverages robotic systems and high-speed internet connections to enable surgeons to perform procedures on patients in different locations. By reducing geographical barriers and enhancing access to surgical care, robotic surgery can reduce healthcare disparities and ensure that patients worldwide receive the best possible treatment, regardless of location .
[141] Healthcare disparities in access to surgical management and outcomes of ... — While surgical resection allows for a better prognosis for eligible patients, several disparities have been identified regarding the use of this treatment in patients with curable disease. 6 The at-risk population are more vulnerable to experience healthcare disparities. Socioeconomic factors such as race, sex, social support, insurance status, and residency status create different trends in
[143] Access to Healthcare and Disparities in Access — Contents Search term < PrevNext > ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AND DISPARITIES IN ACCESS Access to healthcare means having “the timely use of personal health services to achieve the best health outcomes.”1 Access to comprehensive, quality healthcare services is important for promoting and maintaining health, preventing and managing disease, reducing unnecessary disability and premature death, and achieving health equity for all Americans.2 Attaining good access to care means having: Health insurance that facilitates entry into the healthcare system. Measures of access to care tracked in the National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report (NHQDR) include having health insurance, having a usual source of care,ix encountering difficulties when seeking care, and receiving care as soon as wanted. Historically, Americans have experienced variable access to care based on race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, age, sex, disability status, sexual orientation, gender identity, and residential location.3 This section of the NHQDR discusses trends in access over time and disparities in access related to the sociodemographic variables for which data were available. Indicators of increased insurance coverage include earlier detection of disease, better medication adherence and management of chronic conditions, and psychological well-being in knowing one can afford care when one gets sick.12 Healthcare access and insurance coverage are major factors that contribute to racial and ethnic disparities.
[144] What are Health Disparities? - nimhd.nih.gov — Health disparities also can be observed in health care access, quality, and utilization, and within the delivery of clinical care. Understanding and Addressing Health Disparities. Racial and ethnic minority populations and low SES groups, on average, are facing high rates of most chronic diseases, medical comorbidities, and other health problems.
[153] Understanding the Possible Risks and Complications of Surgery — The risk is influenced by the type of surgery you undergo, the duration of the surgery, the need for general anesthesia, and individual factors like your age, general health, and pre-existing conditions.
[154] Surgical Risks & Complications: Minimize Risks for Recovery — Surgery Knowing surgical risks and complications can empower you to make informed, confident decisions about your health and recovery journey. Surgical risk is the possibility of complications or adverse events during or after surgery. Being informed about these risks is vital as it helps you make informed decisions, balancing the benefits of surgery with its risks. Each surgery carries its risks. Other Complications: Long-term risks and complications of surgery can vary depending on the specific procedure and may include problems such as nerve damage, organ dysfunction, and chronic health problems. How to Assess Surgical Risk Before Surgery One of the most important decisions you’ll face is whether the benefits of surgery outweigh the risks. risk after surgery Risk Factors for Surgery Risks and Complications of Surgery
[155] Understanding the Risks of Surgery: Common Complications and How to ... — All Posts, Patient Education and Resources, Surgical Risks and Complications / December 12, 2022 Understanding these risks, recognizing common complications, and knowing how to minimize them is crucial for patients considering surgical procedures. Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Administering appropriate antibiotics before incision to prevent SSIs, tailored to the surgical procedure and patient risk factors. Informed consent is a fundamental aspect of surgical care, ensuring that patients understand the potential benefits and risks associated with the procedure. By understanding these risks and implementing comprehensive strategies to minimize them, patients and healthcare providers can work together to ensure safer surgical experiences. Preoperative assessment, meticulous surgical techniques, effective anesthesia management, vigilant postoperative care, and informed patient participation are all critical components in reducing the likelihood of adverse outcomes. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/surgical-patient-management
[156] Possible Risks and Complications of Surgery - OakBend Medical Center — In more serious cases a procedure or surgery may be necessary to clean or drain the infected area The following conditions can increase the risk of complications during surgery: • Heart disease - the stresses of surgery put extra strain on the muscles of the heart to maintain cardiac output. Additionally, the agents in anesthesia can
[159] Safe surgery: Tool and Resources - World Health Organization (WHO) — The WHO Surgical Safety Checklist was developed after extensive consultation aiming to decrease errors and adverse events, and increase teamwork and communication in surgery. The 19-item checklist has gone on to show significant reduction in both morbidity and mortality and is now used by a majority of surgical providers around the world.
[164] Anesthesia Risk Assessment | Made for This Moment - American Society of ... — Anesthesia 101 Anesthesia Risks Anesthesia 101 Anesthesia Risks Anesthesia Risks Anesthesia Risks What are some of the risks of anesthesia? Anesthesia Risks To do this effectively, the anesthesiologist will conduct a health assessment before your surgery to learn about any medical conditions you may have, medications you use, your other health habits, and your past experience with anesthesia. What are some of the risks of anesthesia? Breathing problems during and after surgery – Anesthesia can be more dangerous for patients who have obstructive sleep apnea, a condition that causes them to stop breathing while they sleep. Anesthesiologists are the most highly skilled medical experts in anesthesia care, pain management, and critical care medicine with the education and training that can mean the difference between life and death. Anesthesia 101 Anesthesia Risks
[165] Understanding the Risks of Surgery: Common Complications and How to ... — All Posts, Patient Education and Resources, Surgical Risks and Complications / December 12, 2022 Understanding these risks, recognizing common complications, and knowing how to minimize them is crucial for patients considering surgical procedures. Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Administering appropriate antibiotics before incision to prevent SSIs, tailored to the surgical procedure and patient risk factors. Informed consent is a fundamental aspect of surgical care, ensuring that patients understand the potential benefits and risks associated with the procedure. By understanding these risks and implementing comprehensive strategies to minimize them, patients and healthcare providers can work together to ensure safer surgical experiences. Preoperative assessment, meticulous surgical techniques, effective anesthesia management, vigilant postoperative care, and informed patient participation are all critical components in reducing the likelihood of adverse outcomes. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/surgical-patient-management
[166] The importance of patient education before surgery - KevinMD.com — The importance of patient education before surgery For instance, lifestyle changes, implemented after improved physician-patient engagement and education, have demonstrated clinical benefits in a wide range of chronic illnesses, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and arthritis. Traditionally, the first time a physician anesthesiologist interacts with a patient is on the day of surgery, especially for minor outpatient procedures. These patients may benefit from increased communication and evaluation from their physician anesthesiologist. Over the past few decades, there has been an increasing trend to schedule more complex patients for an assessment by a physician anesthesiologist in a PEC. As with utilizing patient education to mitigate chronic illness, the addition of patient education as a major part of preoperative care improves perioperative outcomes.
[167] Preoperative Patient Education: Perceptions and Actual Practice among ... — Preoperative education is an essential nursing task that can be affected by the nurses' perception. Patients may be receiving insufficient vital information before surgery. However, the essential information that should be provided to patients
[168] Development, Functioning, and Effectiveness of a Preoperative Risk ... — A fundamental role of the preoperative assessment testing (PAT) clinic is to assess patients prior to surgery in order to gather information upon which risk assessment and perioperative management decisions are made.1 This process precedes the delivery of anesthetic care, before surgical and non-surgical procedures.2 The components of the IMPACT clinic include evaluate patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery, assess and outline perioperative risks, optimize all chronic medical conditions, order appropriate testing to optimize medical conditions before surgery, coordinate care between specialists preoperatively for complex medical conditions, and make evidence-based recommendations for patients, anesthesiologists, and the surgical team (related to both pre- and postoperative periods).
[173] Understanding anesthesia-related complications and their prevention ... — As anesthesia is administered to millions of patients worldwide every year, understanding the potential risks, complications, and strategies for prevention is critical for both anesthesia providers and patients. This article explores common anesthesia-related complications, their underlying causes, and the preventive measures that can be taken to ensure the safety and well-being of patients during and after anesthesia . Anesthesia-related complications can arise from multiple factors, including the type of anesthetic agents used, the patient's pre-existing medical conditions, the complexity of the surgical procedure, and the skill of the anesthesia team. Preoperative assessment, careful selection of anesthetic agents, intraoperative monitoring, and prompt intervention in the event of complications are key components of anesthesia care that help minimize risks and improve patient outcomes.
[174] Standards for Basic Anesthetic Monitoring - American Society of ... — * Anesthesia Quality and Patient Safety Meeting (now part of ADVANCE) This set of standards addresses only the issue of basic anesthetic monitoring, which is one component of anesthesia care. Because of the rapid changes in patient status during anesthesia, qualified anesthesia personnel shall be continuously present to monitor the patient and provide anesthesia care. Blood oxygenation: During all anesthetics, a quantitative method of assessing oxygenation such as pulse oximetry shall be employed.* When the pulse oximeter is utilized, the variable pitch pulse tone and the low threshold alarm shall be audible to the anesthesiologist or the anesthesia care team personnel.* Adequate illumination and exposure of the patient are necessary to assess color.* About ASA About ASA About ASA About ASA
[175] Patient Safety in Anesthesiology: Progress, Challenges, and Prospects — In addition, recent technologies and innovations such as simulation, genomics, artificial intelligence, and robotics hold promise for further improving patient safety in anesthesiology and overcoming existing challenges, making it possible to offer safer, more effective, and personalized anesthesia. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been developed to analyze large quantities of data, improve clinical decision-making, optimize dosing through an automated control system for more precise and stable administration of anesthetic drugs, predict adverse events, improve clinical decision-making, early identification of complications, optimizing pharmacological and hemodynamic management during anesthesia to reduce dosage errors and anticipating the adverse effects of anesthetic agents.
[182] Preoperative Patient Education: Perceptions and Actual Practice among ... — Preoperative patient education is one of the fundamental areas of care provided for patients who will undergo surgery. It is achieved by providing the patient with access to health information, psychosocial support, and the chance to learn certain skills before surgery (Burgess et al., 2019, Tadesse et al., 2023).
[183] The Role of Patient Education in Surgical Care - Kirby Surgical Center — The Importance of Patient Education in Surgical Care Patient education is a crucial element of surgical care that goes beyond merely helping patients prepare for their operations. It also fosters better communication between patients and healthcare professionals, strengthens patient autonomy and decision-making, and promotes awareness about the importance of follow-up care and appropriate
[184] Impact of Preoperative Patient Education on Postoperative Recovery in ... — Impact of Preoperative Patient Education on Postoperative Recovery in Abdominal Surgery: A Systematic Review - PubMed Impact of Preoperative Patient Education on Postoperative Recovery in Abdominal Surgery: A Systematic Review Impact of Preoperative Patient Education on Postoperative Recovery in Abdominal Surgery: A Systematic Review The aim of this review is to assess the effect of preoperative patient education on postoperative recovery in abdominal surgery and to examine different patient education strategies for their effectiveness. All studies investigating the effect of preoperative patient education on postoperative recovery in abdominal surgery were included. Preoperative education interventions to reduce anxiety and improve recovery among cardiac surgery patients: a review of randomised controlled trials.
[186] Strategies to Relieve Patients' Preoperative Anxiety Before Anesthesia ... — The perioperative dialog aims to relieve the patient's suffering and protect the patient's dignity in connectionwith anesthesia and surgery.5 To experience a trusting relationship with the nurse anesthetist, it is important that the patient feels that the nurse anesthetist is aware of what the patient is feeling/expressing and
[188] Essential Preoperative Nursing Care for Surgical Patients — Preoperative nursing care involves comprehensive patient assessment, preparation of the gastrointestinal tract, communication with patients and families, and psychological support. This phase includes diagnostic measures, physical and emotional evaluations, and health teachings to reduce anxiety and prepare patients for surgery. Key interventions also include obtaining informed consent and
[189] Bridging the gap: evaluation of preoperative patients' education by ... — Bridging the gap: evaluation of preoperative patients’ education by comparing expectations and real-perioperative surgical experiences: a mixed-methods descriptive cross-sectional study - PMC Education during the preoperative phase helps to prepare patients for coming surgical experience by offering access to health information, postoperative psychosocial support, and the ability to relieve surgical anxiety . This research investigated the effect of structured preoperative education on patient anxiety levels, satisfaction with the information supplied, and perceived knowledge gaps among people undergoing surgery. This study emphasizes the importance of systematic preoperative education for reducing anxiety, increasing patient satisfaction, and improving surgical results. Effect of preoperative education and ICU tour on patient and family satisfaction and anxiety in the intensive care unit after elective cardiac surgery: a randomised controlled trial.
[191] Overcoming Surgery Anxiety: A Complete Guide - NeuroLaunch.com — Understanding Surgery Anxiety and Its Impact on Patients. Surgery anxiety, also referred to as pre-operative anxiety, is a state of unease, apprehension, or fear that patients experience before undergoing a surgical procedure. ... Guo P, East L, Arthur A. A preoperative education intervention to reduce anxiety and improve recovery among Chinese
[194] Robotics in Minimally Invasive Surgery: Advancements and Benefits — Robotics in Minimally Invasive Surgery: Advancements and Benefits Robotics has significantly changed minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in many medical specialties. Robotic Surgery Robotic surgery takes the small cuts of MIS and adds powerful tools that make it even better for patient care. Robotics guided by artificial intelligence (AI) may help doctors make even better choices during surgery by enhancing the effectiveness of minimally invasive approaches. Robotics has changed minimally invasive surgery by letting doctors operate with more accuracy and causing less pain for patients. In the future, combining robotics with data science and machine learning could make surgeries even smarter, but we must remember to address the costs, ethics, and proper rules for using these powerful tools. Soft Robotics in Minimally Invasive Surgery. A review of medical robotics for minimally invasive soft tissue surgery.
[195] Advancements in Robotic Surgery: A Comprehensive Overview of Current ... — Robotic surgery, also known as robot-assisted surgery, refers to a minimally invasive surgical technique where specialized robotic systems are employed to assist surgeons in performing procedures with unparalleled precision and control. The robotic arms' stability and precision reduce the risk of errors during surgery, leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced postoperative complications . Telesurgery: Telesurgery, also known as remote surgery, leverages robotic systems and high-speed internet connections to enable surgeons to perform procedures on patients in different locations. By reducing geographical barriers and enhancing access to surgical care, robotic surgery can reduce healthcare disparities and ensure that patients worldwide receive the best possible treatment, regardless of location .
[196] How psychologists prepare patients for surgery — Presurgical psychological assessments began in the mid-1980s, when researchers started to analyze the factors that could predict why patients “failed” their surgeries, Block explains. “Unfortunately, patients and sometimes practitioners, too, think that our role is a gatekeeping one—saying thumbs-up or thumbs-down,” says Leslie Heinberg, PhD, vice chair for psychology in the Cleveland Clinic’s department of psychiatry and psychology, who provides presurgical assessments for patients planning bariatric surgery. Identifying and treating any mental illness is also key, says Heinberg, noting that bariatric surgery patients have a higher prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses than the general public (Sarwer, D.B., & Heinberg, L.J., American Psychologist, Vol. 75, No. 2, 2020). The information uncovered by assessments can also help psychologists assist patients in preparing for the long list of behavioral changes needed to optimize outcomes post-surgery.
[209] Navigating Ethics: Challenges and Considerations in Surgical Practice — This article delves into the intricate ethical challenges faced in surgical practice, covering topics such as informed consent, patient autonomy, beneficence, surgical innovation, resource allocation dilemmas, professionalism, cultural influences, and strategies for ethical decision-making. This article explores the ethical challenges faced by surgeons, examining the delicate balance between patient autonomy and beneficence, the impact of cultural and social factors on ethical decision-making, and strategies for maintaining professionalism and integrity in the operating room. When it comes to informed consent in surgical practice, understanding and respecting a patient's autonomy is fundamental to ethical decision-making. Balancing patient autonomy, the right of patients to make decisions about their own healthcare, with beneficence, the obligation to act in the patient's best interest, is a delicate ethical challenge in surgical practice.
[210] Informed Consent - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf — Informed consent is a cornerstone of medicine, ensuring ethical treatment decisions and patient-centered care. The function of informed consent in health care is to ensure that patients are fully informed about the medical procedures or treatments they may undergo, enabling them to make autonomous decisions about their care. Recommendations were made to enhance the quality of informed consent forms and implement institutionally mandated, outcome-focused training on the subject for all clinicians. A study by Miller et al highlighted that implementing a health literacy-based consent form and process improved patient-provider communication, increased patient comfort in asking questions, and encouraged the use of the teach-back technique in the perioperative setting.
[211] PDF — ©The Joint Commission, Division of Health Care Improvement deportation; and for some Asian immigrants, the patriarch or a male designated by the family must be consulted.13,14,15,16 Safety Actions to Consider: Health care organizations can improve the process of informed consent and enhance the safety of their patients by doing the following: • Promote the notion of informed consent as a process of effective communication between a provider and patient and not a signature on a form.17,18 • Have clear written policy on informed consent for care, including: o Procedures requiring written consent o Professional roles in the informed consent process o Use of qualified medical interpreters o The role of patients’ substitute decision makers o Timing of informed consent o Nature of a complete informed consent process o Documentation and verification process o Related tools and resources available for provider use to enhance the informed consent process • Provide a formal training program to physicians on effective provider-patient communication and shared decision-making and the impact on informed consent and patient safety.
[214] Principles of Clinical Ethics and Their Application to Practice — In patient care situations, not infrequently, there are conflicts between ethical principles (especially between beneficence and autonomy). Keywords: Ethics, Confidentiality, Autonomy, Informed consent, Professionalism, Integrated patient care model Respecting the principle of autonomy obliges the physician to disclose medical information and treatment options that are necessary for the patient to exercise self-determination and supports informed consent, truth-telling, and confidentiality. Hard paternalism is action by a physician, intended to benefit a patient, but contrary to the voluntary decision of an autonomous patient who is fully informed and competent, and is ethically indefensible. Application of principles of ethics in patient care In my conceptualized model of patient care (Fig. 1), medical knowledge, skills to apply that knowledge, technical skills, practice-based learning, and communication skills are partnered with ethical principles and professional virtues.
[215] Ethical considerations in surgical practice - HighSurgery — Ethical considerations in surgical practice - HighSurgery Ethical considerations in surgical practice In surgery, this principle takes the shape of informed consent, a process that ensures patients fully understand the risks, benefits, and alternatives of surgical procedures. Ethical considerations in surgical practice are largely hinged on the surgeon-patient relationship. All new surgical techniques, devices, and procedures require rigorous ethical review to ensure that they are safe and beneficial for patients. They require a clear understanding of various ethical principles and their application to surgical practice. Ethical considerations should not be peripheral to surgical practice but must be ingrained in every decision made at an individual, institutional, and policy level to foster best practices conducive to optimal patient outcomes.
[216] The Surgical Decision-Making Process: Different Ethical Approaches — This chapter will review the principles and techniques used in shared decision making , examine alternate approaches, and discuss some of the difficulties in implementing this approach in surgical cases of varying acuity. ... While it is clear that a shared decision-making approach is the ethical ideal, surgeons have been weighing the risks and
[217] Patient-Centered Informed Consent in Surgical Practice — Informed consent is an established ethical and legal requirement for surgical treatment. It has important roots in Anglo-American political theory and has been articulated in the law in a series of judicial decisions. 1,2 Informed consent also forms the ethical foundation for the modern practices of shared decision making and patient-centered care. 3 Many elements of surgical consent are
[218] Important Considerations When Obtaining Informed Consent — Informed consent is a communication and documentation process between a patient and a licensed independent provider. The provider obtaining consent confirms that the patient understands by asking the patient to explain the procedure, why the procedure will be performed, and what the risks of the procedure are in their own words.1 The conversation is documented on the surgical procedure consent form that contains the facility name; the full procedure name (with no abbreviations); a statement that the procedure, risks, benefits, and alternatives were discussed with the patient; the patient’s or legally authorized patient representative’s signature; the licensed independent provider’s signature; a witness signature; and date and time of the signatures. Patients may need translation services during the informed consent process.
[219] Informed consent for elective surgery—what is best practice? — surveyed patients who were about to undergo cataract surgery, and who were giving informed consent. They found that 40% of patients had not informed themselves about the surgery prior to the consent process, with 60% believing that cataract surgery held no risk of severe, sight-threatening complications.13 Information regarding surgery (including risks) has been shown to have positive/neutral effect upon the decision to proceed,13,14 supporting a complete and frank provision of relevant information. Therefore clear documentation of the risks and benefits explained is the doctor's best defence.11 As a result, specific consent forms have been designed listing specific information for specific procedures.19 While this provides standardization, informed consent must still involve a verbal explanation of what is written on the form. Informed consent and decision making by cataract patients. Informed consent for cataract surgery: what patients do and do not understand.
[220] Informed Consent - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf — Informed consent is a cornerstone of medicine, ensuring ethical treatment decisions and patient-centered care. The function of informed consent in health care is to ensure that patients are fully informed about the medical procedures or treatments they may undergo, enabling them to make autonomous decisions about their care. Recommendations were made to enhance the quality of informed consent forms and implement institutionally mandated, outcome-focused training on the subject for all clinicians. A study by Miller et al highlighted that implementing a health literacy-based consent form and process improved patient-provider communication, increased patient comfort in asking questions, and encouraged the use of the teach-back technique in the perioperative setting.
[222] Why is Values-based Practice in Surgical Care Important? — Values-based practice in surgical care gives clinicians the skills to engage in dialogue about values with their patients in shared decision-making between the evidence-based options available In most clinical situations there is more than one evidence-based option available. Shared decision-making means clinician and patient deciding together which option is best where 'best' means from
[223] Shared decision making for high-risk surgery - PMC — Shared decision making is a form of patient-centred care, combining clinical expertise with patients' personal values and preferences to choose an appropriate treatment. • Shared decision making can be used in perioperative medicine to guide decisions about high-risk surgery. •
[224] Navigating Ethics: Challenges and Considerations in ... - Americanhhm — This article delves into the intricate ethical challenges faced in surgical practice, covering topics such as informed consent, patient autonomy, beneficence, surgical innovation, resource allocation dilemmas, professionalism, cultural influences, and strategies for ethical decision-making. This article explores the ethical challenges faced by surgeons, examining the delicate balance between patient autonomy and beneficence, the impact of cultural and social factors on ethical decision-making, and strategies for maintaining professionalism and integrity in the operating room. When it comes to informed consent in surgical practice, understanding and respecting a patient's autonomy is fundamental to ethical decision-making. Balancing patient autonomy, the right of patients to make decisions about their own healthcare, with beneficence, the obligation to act in the patient's best interest, is a delicate ethical challenge in surgical practice.
[240] Advancements in Robotic Surgery: A Comprehensive Overview of Current ... — Robotic surgery, also known as robot-assisted surgery, refers to a minimally invasive surgical technique where specialized robotic systems are employed to assist surgeons in performing procedures with unparalleled precision and control. The robotic arms' stability and precision reduce the risk of errors during surgery, leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced postoperative complications . Telesurgery: Telesurgery, also known as remote surgery, leverages robotic systems and high-speed internet connections to enable surgeons to perform procedures on patients in different locations. By reducing geographical barriers and enhancing access to surgical care, robotic surgery can reduce healthcare disparities and ensure that patients worldwide receive the best possible treatment, regardless of location .
[241] PDF — The Role of Public-Private Partnerships Public-private partnerships (PPPs) have emerged as a vital tool for enhancing healthcare access and affordability by fostering collaboration between government entities, private industries, and healthcare providers. These partnerships leverage the strengths and resources of all parties involved,
[242] Leveraging technology in public-private partnerships: a model to ... — Long-standing inequities in healthcare access and outcomes exist for underserved populations. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are where the government and a private entity jointly invest in the provision of public services. ... Keywords: public-private partnership, health inequity, technology, community based organizations, value creation. 1
[243] PDF — 2. Overview of Global PPP Models in Health Sector Innovation Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in the health sector have evolved into diverse models, each tailored to address specific healthcare challenges and leverage the combined expertise and resources of public and private entities (Torchia, et al., 2015; Villani, et al., 2017; Babacan, 2020). By fostering collaboration across sectors, research-focused PPPs drive innovation, promote knowledge sharing, and advance scientific understanding, ultimately improving patient outcomes and public health (Hammill, 2017; Okoye et al., 2023; Egharevba, 2017). By understanding and addressing regulatory hurdles, financial uncertainties, cultural differences, and trust-building challenges, PPPs can maximize their impact and contribute to driving healthcare Magna Scientia Advanced Biology and Pharmacy, 2024, 12(01), 045–059 49 innovation and improving health outcomes globally (Adeghe, Okolo & Ojeyinka, 2024, Esho, et.
[244] Robotic Surgery in Safety-Net Hospitals: Addressing Health Disparities ... — Surgical outcomes at these facilities are worse than their counterparts due to differences in the patient population and other factors. 12,13 For some of these safety-net hospitals, lack of access to minimally invasive interventions such as robotic surgery compounds the issues. Without being fully equipped to offer minimally invasive surgeries
[246] Future of Healthcare: Robotics in Minimally Invasive Surgery — The landscape of healthcare is constantly evolving, and one of the most transformative advancements in recent years has been the integration of robotics in minimally invasive surgery (MIS). This technology has revolutionized the way surgeons approach medical procedures, offering patients a host of benefits such as reduced recovery times, smaller incisions, and improved surgical precision.
[247] Advancements in Robotic Surgery: A Comprehensive Overview of Current ... — Robotic surgery, also known as robot-assisted surgery, refers to a minimally invasive surgical technique where specialized robotic systems are employed to assist surgeons in performing procedures with unparalleled precision and control. The robotic arms' stability and precision reduce the risk of errors during surgery, leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced postoperative complications . Telesurgery: Telesurgery, also known as remote surgery, leverages robotic systems and high-speed internet connections to enable surgeons to perform procedures on patients in different locations. By reducing geographical barriers and enhancing access to surgical care, robotic surgery can reduce healthcare disparities and ensure that patients worldwide receive the best possible treatment, regardless of location .
[248] Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Surgical Fields — Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have the potential to improve multiple facets of medical practice, including diagnosis of disease, surgical training, clinical outcomes, and access to healthcare. The objective of this literature review is to explore how artificial intelligence is being used for evaluating and improving surgical skills, diagnosing various surgical pathologies using imaging and tissue specimens, and how surgeons can utilize these technologies in the realm of telemedicine to improve access to care and resources. This data can be analyzed using machine learning algorithms to recognize movement patterns that can be used to objectively measure surgical skill and perhaps even predict outcomes . Surgical technology such as robotic systems provide valuable data that can be utilized by machine learning algorithms to objectively evaluate a surgeon’s technical skill.