Surgery is a medical discipline and a methodological approach involving manual and instrumental techniques performed on a patient's body to investigate or treat pathological conditions, injury, or deformity. As a research field, it investigates the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, surgical management strategies, and outcomes of diseases and trauma requiring operative intervention, characterized by its focus on invasive or minimally invasive procedures and the development of novel surgical technologies and techniques for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Its significance lies in providing definitive treatment, palliation, and diagnostic capabilities across a broad spectrum of human health conditions.