Table of Contents
Overview
Key Concepts in Photochemistry
Photochemistry is defined as the scientific study of chemical reactions induced by radiation, particularly photons, which lead to the formation of fragments, radicals, and photoproducts by overcoming activation barriers in matter.[1.1] This field is an important part of both chemistry and biology and holds significant practical relevance for the development of sustainable energy sources.[3.1] However, the mechanisms of photochemistry are complex and not fully understood, highlighting the limitations of theoretical models in describing these processes and the challenges faced in experimental resolution.[3.1] One of the key principles of photochemistry is that light must be absorbed by a chemical substance for a photochemical reaction to occur. This absorption leads to the excitation of electrons to higher energy states, which facilitates chemical changes that would otherwise require significant thermal energy.[5.1] The Stark–Einstein law, a fundamental principle in photochemistry, states that for each photon absorbed, no more than one molecule is activated for a reaction, highlighting the quantized nature of these processes.[4.1] Photochemical reactions are characterized by their ability to access high-energy intermediates that are not readily generated through thermal means. This capability allows for the overcoming of large activation barriers in a relatively short time frame, thus enabling reactions that are otherwise inaccessible.[4.1] The study of these reactions encompasses various mechanisms and empirical rules, which are essential for understanding the interaction between light and matter.[2.1] The applications of photochemistry are vast and varied, extending into fields such as environmental science, industry, and medicine. For instance, photochemistry is pivotal in the design of materials that can react to light, enhancing the efficiency of photochemical processes across different technologies.[10.1] Additionally, photochemical reactions are integral to renewable energy technologies, where they facilitate the conversion of solar energy into electricity, fuels, and valuable chemicals.[16.1]History
Early Discoveries
The early discoveries in photochemistry were pivotal in establishing the foundational principles of the field. One of the earliest significant contributions came from Isaac Newton, whose experiments on the dispersion of visible light and the corpuscle theory of colors, articulated in 1704, advanced the scientific understanding of light.[56.1] This understanding was further enhanced by Johann Wilhelm Ritter's discovery of ultraviolet light in 1801, which expanded the spectrum of light known to influence chemical reactions.[56.1] The practical application of sunlight as a heat source for distillation also played a crucial role in the discovery of photochemical reactions. Chemists observed various phenomena that sparked their curiosity, including color changes, the evolution of gas bubbles (notably oxygen during photosynthesis), and the precipitation of photoproducts.[57.1] These observations laid the groundwork for further exploration into the interactions between light and chemical substances. In the 19th century, the work of chemists such as Cannizzaro and Sestini marked significant advancements in the field. Cannizzaro acknowledged Sestini's contributions to the discovery of photosantonic acid, emphasizing Sestini's role in introducing him to light reactions, which subsequently influenced other notable chemists like Ciamician and Silber.[55.1] This collaborative spirit and the independent experiments conducted by Ciamician in Rome, which were distinct from Klinger’s studies in Bonn, underscored the dynamic nature of research in photochemistry during this period.[55.1]Evolution of Photochemical Theories
The evolution of photochemical theories can be traced back to significant discoveries and developments during the 18th and 19th centuries. Photochemistry, defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) as the field concerned with the chemical effects of light, began to establish itself as an independent subdiscipline during this period, largely due to the contributions of key figures such as Ciamician, who is often regarded as a pivotal figure in the history of photochemistry.[45.1] The 18th century marked the initial exploration of light-matter interactions, leading to the discovery of various photochemical reactions. These early investigations laid the groundwork for understanding how light could influence chemical processes, a concept that was not fully appreciated until systematic scientific scrutiny began to focus on these phenomena.[58.1] As the field progressed, the principles of photochemistry were further elucidated, particularly through the establishment of foundational laws such as the Stark–Einstein law, which states that for each photon of light absorbed by a chemical system, no more than one molecule is activated for a photochemical reaction.[47.1] This law underscored the quantized nature of light and its interaction with matter, which became a cornerstone of photochemical theory. The evolution of photochemistry has significantly advanced the understanding of chemical reactions initiated or influenced by light, leading to various applications in both natural and technological contexts.[46.1] One of the most notable examples of a photochemical reaction is photosynthesis, where plants utilize sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, highlighting the fundamental role of light in natural processes.[64.1] In recent years, research has expanded into the realm of environmental remediation, particularly through photocatalysis, which is a process that facilitates the degradation of harmful pollutants in water and air using UV excitation of metal oxide photocatalysts.[66.1] This approach not only contributes to the purification of water but also supports hydrogen production through water splitting, showcasing the potential of photochemistry in addressing environmental challenges.[66.1] Furthermore, advancements in solar photochemistry research have focused on solar photoconversion in molecular, nanoscale, and semiconductor systems, aiming to capture and convert solar radiation into electrochemical potential for various applications, including electricity and fuels.[60.1] Thus, the historical trajectory of photochemistry reflects its growing importance in both understanding natural processes and developing innovative technologies for sustainable energy solutions.Nature Of Light And Chemical Reactions
Electromagnetic Spectrum and Photochemistry
Photochemistry is fundamentally concerned with the interactions between light and matter, particularly how light energy can initiate and drive chemical reactions. The electromagnetic spectrum plays a crucial role in this field, as different wavelengths of light can induce various photochemical processes. Most photochemical reactions are primarily driven by ultraviolet (UV) light, which possesses sufficient energy to excite electrons in molecules, leading to chemical changes.[84.1] The absorption of light energy by chemical substances is essential for photochemical reactions to occur. According to the principles of photochemistry, when a molecule absorbs a photon, it can elevate electrons to higher energy states, facilitating reactions that would not occur under thermal conditions alone.[87.1] This ability to access high-energy intermediates allows photochemical reactions to overcome significant activation barriers, making them distinct from traditional thermal reactions.[87.1] Photochemistry is a branch of chemistry that focuses on the study of chemical reactions initiated by the presence of light. This field investigates how light interacts with matter, specifically how the energy of light is absorbed by molecules to drive chemical reactions.[85.1] Photochemistry has practical applications in various areas, including the decontamination of drinking water, the production of hydrogen fuel, and food processing.[85.1] The interdisciplinary nature of photochemistry allows for collaboration across different scientific fields, as it encompasses the study of reactions where light acts as a catalyst or where reactions produce light.[86.1] This broad scope highlights the significance of understanding the interactions between photons and molecules in advancing both scientific knowledge and technological applications.[86.1]Applications Of Photochemistry
Photosynthesis and Natural Processes
Photosynthesis is a fundamental natural process that relies on the principles of photochemistry, particularly light absorption and energy transfer. During photosynthesis, molecules in plants absorb photons of light, which excites electrons and initiates a series of chemical reactions. This process begins when a donor molecule absorbs light energy, becoming excited and subsequently transferring its energy to an acceptor molecule. As a result, the donor returns to its ground state while the acceptor enters an excited state, leading to photochemical reactions essential for converting light energy into chemical energy.[148.1] Photosynthesis is fundamentally governed by photochemistry, which serves as the underlying mechanism for all photobiological processes. When a molecule absorbs a photon of light, its electronic structure undergoes a change, leading to various photochemical reactions. This excitation occurs as the donor molecule absorbs light energy, becomes excited, and subsequently transfers its energy to an acceptor molecule, resulting in the donor returning to its ground state while the acceptor enters an excited state and may undergo a chemical reaction.[150.1] The efficiency of these processes is significantly influenced by the kinetics of radiative and nonradiative energy transfer, which adhere to specific rules, including the conservation of spin and the distance dependence of energy transfer rates between donor and acceptor molecules.[149.1] Thus, the absorbed energy can lead to photochemical changes either in the absorbing molecule itself or in adjacent molecules, highlighting the intricate dynamics of energy transfer in photosynthesis.[150.1] Moreover, the quantum yield of photochemical reactions, which measures the efficiency of light energy conversion, is affected by the potential energy surfaces of both the ground and excited states. These surfaces can be modified by the reaction medium, thereby influencing the overall photoreactivity and efficiency of the photosynthetic process.[151.1] Thus, the intricate interplay of light absorption, energy transfer, and molecular interactions underpins the effectiveness of photosynthesis, highlighting the critical role of photochemistry in natural processes.Technological Applications in Medicine and Industry
Photochemistry encompasses a diverse array of applications in both medicine and industry, underscoring its historical significance and contemporary relevance. In the medical domain, photochemistry is integral to various diagnostic and therapeutic processes, including its role in photodynamic therapy (PDT). This technique employs light-sensitive compounds that, when activated by specific wavelengths of light, produce reactive oxygen species. These species can selectively target and destroy cancer cells, thereby enhancing treatment efficacy while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues.[123.1] Beyond medicine, photochemistry is pivotal in fields such as synthesis, green chemistry, and nanotechnology, illustrating its versatility and importance in advancing scientific research and practical applications.[123.1] In addition to its medical applications, photochemistry is increasingly recognized for its contributions to sustainable manufacturing practices. The use of natural sunlight as a cost-efficient energy source for photochemical reactions has gained traction, moving away from traditional methods that often require extensive energy inputs. Modern solar concentrator systems have been developed to significantly reduce reaction times and facilitate large-scale operations, thus promoting greener production methods.[140.1] This shift not only enhances efficiency but also aligns with global sustainability goals by reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Moreover, photochemistry is instrumental in the development of advanced materials and nanotechnology. For example, semiconducting photocatalyst nanomaterials, such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), have shown promise in applications ranging from organic pollutant removal to renewable energy production.[129.1] These materials harness light energy to drive chemical reactions that can purify water and air, showcasing the dual benefits of environmental remediation and energy generation. In industrial settings, photochemistry is applied in various processes, including the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and the production of hydrogen fuel. Researchers have developed automated flow reactors that utilize the photochemistry of bromine, a toxic substance, to create valuable chemical bonds for drug manufacturing safely.[141.1] This innovative approach highlights the potential of photochemical methods to enhance safety and efficiency in chemical production.In this section:
Light AbsorptionElectronic StructureEnergy ConversionPhotodynamic TherapyReactive Oxygen Species
Recent Advancements
Innovations in Photonic Materials
Recent advancements in photochemistry have significantly influenced the development of innovative photonic materials, particularly through the application of ultrafast spectroscopic techniques. These techniques have enabled researchers to understand photoinduced processes on ultrafast timescales, leading to breakthroughs in various fields, including solar energy conversion and optoelectronics.[162.1] The integration of computational photochemistry in materials science has also seen a notable increase, enhancing the understanding and application of photonic materials.[163.1] Moreover, the field has witnessed the emergence of sophisticated strategies that contribute to advancements in asymmetric catalysis and photochemical synthesis, which are essential for the development of green chemistry.[164.1] These innovations are not only pivotal for improving the efficiency of photonic materials but also for addressing broader environmental challenges. In the context of sustainable materials, recent developments in photocatalysis have shown promise in transforming solar energy into usable forms, thereby providing environmentally friendly solutions for energy conversion.[175.1] Photocatalysis, driven by solar energy, facilitates reactions through the generation of photo-induced electrons and holes, which can be harnessed for various applications, including artificial photosynthesis and sustainable synthesis.[176.1] Additionally, a green photochemical approach has been proposed for synthesizing copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs), which are characterized by their unique morphological and optical properties. This method emphasizes environmentally benign practices in nanomaterial synthesis, showcasing the potential of photochemistry in creating sustainable materials.[177.1]Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Photochemistry
Recent advancements in the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into photochemistry have significantly transformed the field, enhancing both the understanding and prediction of photochemical processes. Machine learning applications are revolutionizing the investigation of photochemistry by providing efficient tools that assist quantum chemistry calculations, thereby facilitating new chemical insights and elucidating the complex mechanisms of photochemical reactions.[194.1] The synergy between AI/ML and computational photochemistry is particularly evident in the exploration of new photochemical transformations, which allows researchers to access novel chemical spaces, especially in drug discovery.[193.1] Furthermore, the application of machine learning has led to a major upswing in the use of quantum chemical methods capable of describing various excited states of molecules, which are crucial for understanding processes such as photosynthesis and photovoltaics.[195.1] The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) methods in photochemistry and photophysics has become increasingly significant, presenting challenges in tracking the current advancements in these fields.[162.1] Recent developments highlight the use of chemoinformatics and machine learning techniques for designing new systems with desired properties, as well as the application of computational photochemistry approaches to studying material systems.[162.1] Researchers are diligently working to develop novel dyes that exhibit desirable photophysical and photochemical properties, showcasing the potential of these computational methods in materials science.[163.1] As this dynamic field progresses, it is anticipated that new developments will continue to emerge, further enhancing our understanding of photochemical processes.[162.1]In this section:
Environmental Impact
Role in Pollution Degradation
The integration of nanomaterials and photochemistry has emerged as a significant strategy for addressing pollution and its detrimental effects on ecosystems and human health. This approach leverages the unique properties of nanomaterials to enhance the effectiveness of photochemical processes in degrading pollutants, thus offering a promising avenue for environmental remediation.[207.1] Photochemical degradation utilizes light, particularly sunlight, to initiate chemical reactions that break down harmful substances into less toxic or inert forms.[219.1] The interaction between photons and nanomaterials is crucial in this process, as it triggers photoexcitation, leading to the degradation of various pollutants.[219.1] Research has shown that photocatalytic reactions can effectively degrade various pollutants into smaller and less toxic species, with metal phthalocyanine-based composites achieving up to 99% degradation of contaminants such as carbamazepine and sulfadiazine in as little as 5 to 15 minutes, respectively.[220.1] The efficiency of these photocatalytic processes is influenced by several environmental factors, including solar light intensity, solution pH, and the types of ions present, which can alter the photochemical reactions and the transformation of organic pollutants.[222.1] Additionally, different metal oxides within photocatalytic composites exhibit distinct chemical reactions with pollutants, contributing to their overall degradation efficiency.[221.1] Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a critical role in the photochemical degradation of organic micropollutants in aquatic ecosystems by producing reactive intermediates under simulated solar irradiation, particularly in the ultraviolet (UV) region (300-400 nm).[236.1] The composition of DOM significantly influences its ability to form photochemically produced reactive intermediates (PPRI), with established relationships between bulk DOM properties and the quantum yields of triplet DOM (3DOM) and singlet oxygen (1O2).[238.1] However, there is contradictory evidence regarding the formation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and hydroxylating species, indicating that further research is necessary to clarify these dynamics.[238.1] Additionally, the absorption of solar radiation by DOM initiates a series of complex photochemical reactions that can alter the bioavailability of DOM, which may influence the overall structure and function of aquatic ecosystems.[239.1] Despite the promising advancements in photocatalytic technologies, challenges remain in optimizing their performance for the degradation of emerging organic pollutants. Recent reviews highlight the need for further research into enhancing photocatalytic activity through methods such as defect engineering and doping of semiconductor materials.[242.1] The convergence of nanomaterials and photochemical degradation represents a cutting-edge approach that holds potential for effectively combating environmental pollution.[243.1]Contributions to Green Chemistry
Recent innovations in organic photochemical processes have been pivotal in addressing environmental challenges by degrading pollutants and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. This study presents a comprehensive overview of these advancements, emphasizing their role in minimizing chemical residues and improving soil health through the integration of organic photochemistry into eco-friendly agricultural inputs.[210.1] Such developments not only contribute to reducing environmental pollution but also align with the principles of sustainability, thereby enhancing the overall health of agricultural ecosystems.[201.1] The role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in surface water photochemistry is crucial, as it influences the environmental transformation and toxic effects of aquatic pollutants. This process can also play a significant role in the Earth's carbon cycle, which has implications for both human and ecological health.[202.1] Furthermore, the integration of nanomaterials into photochemical devices has revolutionized various sectors, including environmental applications, by enhancing the efficiency and functionality of these processes.[205.1] By harnessing the unique properties of nanomaterials, researchers are developing innovative solutions that target pollution at its source, thereby minimizing the environmental impact of remediation efforts.[204.1] Recent advancements in organic photochemistry are increasingly recognized as vital to the pursuit of sustainable agriculture, particularly in addressing significant environmental challenges such as drought and nutrient limitation, which are major causes of crop losses worldwide.[224.1] Organic farming is a key element in this context, offering multiple environmental and socio-economic benefits that contribute to sustainability.[211.1] Drought stress, in particular, poses a formidable challenge in organic crop production, necessitating the development of resilient crop varieties capable of thriving in unpredictable climates shaped by climate change.[224.1] Furthermore, the application of photocatalytic titanium dioxide-based nanomaterials has emerged as a promising approach in sustainable agriculture, enhancing the efficiency of agricultural practices.[227.1] By integrating these innovative applications, organic photochemistry can play a crucial role in improving crop resilience and supporting sustainable development goals.[211.1]In this section:
Future Trends
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Photochemistry is increasingly recognized for its potential to contribute to sustainable energy solutions, particularly through advancements in solar energy conversion and photocatalysis. The field is poised for remarkable developments that aim to enhance the efficiency of solar energy systems and promote environmentally friendly processes. For instance, solar photochemistry research focuses on capturing and converting solar radiation into electrochemical potential, which can be utilized for electricity, chemicals, or fuels, thereby addressing energy needs sustainably.[250.1] Recent advancements in photocatalytic techniques have shown promise in producing hydrogen as a clean energy source while also providing solutions for environmental pollution through water and air treatment.[252.1] The integration of nanotechnology into photochemical processes is expected to significantly improve the efficiency of these reactions. By utilizing nanostructured materials, researchers are developing innovative solutions that enhance the performance of photocatalysts, making them more effective in energy production and pollutant degradation.[252.1] The current energy crisis and climate change have intensified the need for innovative solutions in sustainable energy. A highly promising approach for CO2 reduction involves utilizing the extensive absorption of solar spectra to combine thermochemical and photochemical processes. This synergy promotes catalytic reactions and achieves efficient CO2 conversion under relatively mild conditions.[275.1] Additionally, the discovery of robust yet inexpensive photocatalysts that can harvest solar energy for overall water splitting is highly desirable. Recently, organic materials have garnered significant attention in photocatalysis due to their facile molecular-level functionalization, adjustable optoelectronic properties, and favorable chemical robustness.[276.1] Photochemistry, the study of chemical reactions initiated by light, is poised for significant advancements that will transform its applications across various fields, including renewable energy and drug discovery.[247.1] One of the most promising developments in this area is photo-electrochemical (PEC) solar energy conversion, which offers the potential for low-cost renewable fuel generation from abundant sunlight and water.[277.1] The trends in photochemistry are unlocking new possibilities for innovation, enabling more efficient, sustainable, and versatile processes.[246.1] Over the past decades, organic photochemistry has accumulated a wealth of light-driven reactions and selectivities, which can be traced back to the properties of excited states that initiate these chemical processes.[248.1] As research continues to evolve, the future of photochemistry in sustainable energy solutions appears increasingly promising, with the potential to reshape our understanding and application of light-driven chemical processes.[247.1]Advancements in Photodynamic Therapy
Recent advancements in photodynamic therapy (PDT) are significantly enhancing its efficacy and precision in cancer treatment. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with non-conventional photodynamic diagnosis and therapy is one such advancement, as AI can improve drug delivery outcomes by modifying formulation design, which is crucial for optimizing drug stability, solubility, and release kinetics.[253.1] Furthermore, novel deep learning and AI models are being explored to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of PDT assessment, contributing to the advancement of nanomedicine and the evaluation of therapeutic effects of nanophotosensitizers.[254.1] In addition to AI, breakthroughs in nanotechnology have led to the development of nanoparticles (NPs) that address the limitations of traditional PDT. These NPs can be incorporated into photosensitizers (PSs) through physical encapsulation or chemical conjugation, which modifies their chemical characteristics and enhances the production efficiency of reactive oxygen species (ROS).[256.1] Recent progress in sophisticated nanocarriers, such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles, has demonstrated potential in improving PDT efficacy through enhanced delivery systems and active targeting strategies.[257.1] Moreover, ongoing research is focused on exploring new photosensitizers with higher photodynamic conversion efficiency and strategies to alleviate tumor hypoxia, which is essential for ROS generation.[268.1] The combination of PDT with other therapeutic modalities, such as sonodynamic therapy, has shown promise in achieving enhanced long-term cures for conditions like brain tumors.[271.1] Additionally, the engineering of upconverted metal-organic frameworks for near-infrared light-triggered combinational therapies is being investigated to improve treatment outcomes against hypoxic tumors.[271.1]References
[1] Photochemistry - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics — Photochemistry is defined as the scientific study of chemical reactions induced by radiation, particularly photons, which lead to the formation of fragments, radicals, and photoproducts by overcoming activation barriers in matter. ... 1 Overview. Photochemistry is ubiquitous in the ambient environment and of major importance for natural
[2] Introduction to Photochemistry - SpringerLink — This chapter summarizes some general concepts in photochemistry, with two aims: to provide an overview of phenomena and empirical rules that will be discussed on theoretical grounds in the next chapters, and to present a language and some physical laws concerning light and its interaction with matter.
[3] Photochemistry | ACS In Focus — Photochemistry is an important part of both chemistry and biology and is of great practical significance for the development of sustainable sources of energy. The mechanisms of photochemistry are far from trivial and far from understood. There are limits to how well theory can describe the processes and how well experiments can resolve them. This book aims to provide an overview of state-of
[4] Photochemistry - Wikipedia — Photochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical effects of light. Photochemical paths access high-energy intermediates that cannot be generated thermally, thereby overcoming large activation barriers in a short period of time, and allowing reactions otherwise inaccessible by thermal processes. Draper), states that light must be absorbed by a chemical substance in order for a photochemical reaction to take place. According to the second law of photochemistry, known as the Stark–Einstein law (for physicists Johannes Stark and Albert Einstein), for each photon of light absorbed by a chemical system, no more than one molecule is activated for a photochemical reaction, as defined by the quantum yield. Chemistry
[5] Photochemistry: Principles, Applications, and Techniques — Photochemistry involves studying how light starts chemical reactions, processes, and mechanisms. These changes start photochemical reactions because the absorbed light energy pushes electrons to higher energy states, leading to chemical changes. Knowing how light and matter interact helps us improve photochemical applications, like designing materials that react to light and making photochemical processes more efficient in different technologies. Photochemical reactions are a captivating part of chemistry where light energy starts or drives chemical processes. Photochemistry, which studies how light causes chemical changes, has many uses in different areas. Its power to use light energy to trigger chemical changes makes it a key tool in environmental science, industry, and medicine. Photochemical research uses various tools and methods to study light-induced chemical reactions.
[10] Photochemistry: Principles, Applications, and Techniques — Photochemistry involves studying how light starts chemical reactions, processes, and mechanisms. These changes start photochemical reactions because the absorbed light energy pushes electrons to higher energy states, leading to chemical changes. Knowing how light and matter interact helps us improve photochemical applications, like designing materials that react to light and making photochemical processes more efficient in different technologies. Photochemical reactions are a captivating part of chemistry where light energy starts or drives chemical processes. Photochemistry, which studies how light causes chemical changes, has many uses in different areas. Its power to use light energy to trigger chemical changes makes it a key tool in environmental science, industry, and medicine. Photochemical research uses various tools and methods to study light-induced chemical reactions.
[16] Photochemical Reactions and their Applications in Renewable Energy ... — Photochemical reactions represent a cornerstone of renewable energy technologies, offering versatile solutions for harnessing light energy to produce electricity, fuels and valuable chemicals. From solar cells to photocatalysis and artificial photosynthesis, these reactions pave the way towards a greener and more sustainable energy landscape.
[45] The Beginnings of Organic Photochemistry - Roth - 1989 - Angewandte ... — A great many photochemical reactions were discovered during the 18th and 19th centuries. The name Ciamician is inseparable from the history of photochemistry; indeed, it was he who established photochemistry as an independent subdiscipline.
[46] Photochemistry: History, Scope, Challenges, Applications - Eduinput — Photochemistry definition. Photochemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical reactions that are initiated or influenced by light. In this article, we will explore the history of photochemistry, the scope of this field, the challenges faced by researchers in this field, and its applications. Photochemical Processes
[47] Photochemistry - Wikipedia — Photochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical effects of light. Photochemical paths access high-energy intermediates that cannot be generated thermally, thereby overcoming large activation barriers in a short period of time, and allowing reactions otherwise inaccessible by thermal processes. Draper), states that light must be absorbed by a chemical substance in order for a photochemical reaction to take place. According to the second law of photochemistry, known as the Stark–Einstein law (for physicists Johannes Stark and Albert Einstein), for each photon of light absorbed by a chemical system, no more than one molecule is activated for a photochemical reaction, as defined by the quantum yield. Chemistry
[55] PDF — Throughout twenty years of investigating santonin and its photoproducts, Cannizzaro always gave Sestinicredit for the discovery of photosantonic acid, and Sestini emphasized his priority. Sestini’s importance in the history of photo- chemistry can hardly be overestimated : he deserves credit for having introduced Cannizzaro to light reactions and, through him, Ciamician and Silber. . .’’[*I even though he had not yet proven that the observed redox reaction was indeed a photoreaction (“That the conversion is indeed caused by light will be ensured by repeating the experiment in the dark”).[941 However, before Ciamician’s Gazzetta pa- per was reviewed in Berichte, Klinger’s work on the reaction of phenanthrenequinone appeared, in which Klinger claimed this area of research for himself, including specifically the photoreduction of nitrobenzene.[”] There is very little doubt that Ciamician’s experiments in Rome were carried out independent of Klinger’s studies in Bonn.
[56] Early Times of Photochemistry - SpringerLink — Of the two parts of the word photochemistry, the former one refers to the discipline that arrived first at a fully scientific description. The advancement of the understanding of what is light advanced rapidly from the experiments on the dispersion of (visible) light and the corpuscle theory of colors by Newton (1704) [] and the discovery of ultraviolet (Ritter, 1801) [] and infrared (Herschel
[57] The Beginnings of Organic Photochemistry - Roth - 1989 - Angewandte ... — When sunlight began to be employed as a heat source for distillation, the eventual discovery of photochemical reactions was assured. One can envision three types of changes that would have aroused the curiosity of laboratory chemists: color changes; the evolution of gas bubbles (oxygen in photosynthesis); and the precipitation of a photoproduct
[58] The Beginnings of Organic Photochemistry - Roth - 1989 - Angewandte ... — Although sunlight induced photochemistry must have occurred on the planet Earth for billions of years, the chemical changes caused by light have attracted systematic scientific scrutiny only relatively recently. ... A great many photochemical reactions were discovered during the 18th and 19th centuries. The name Ciamician is inseparable from
[60] Solar Photochemistry | Chemistry and Nanoscience Research - NREL — NREL's solar photochemistry research focuses on solar photoconversion in molecular, nanoscale, and semiconductor systems to capture, control, and convert high-efficiency solar radiation into electrochemical potential for electricity, chemicals, or fuels. ... Improving Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by a near
[64] Photochemistry | Chemical Physics, Light Interaction & Reactions — One of the most well-known examples of a photochemical reaction is photosynthesis. In this natural process, plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. ... that detoxify water sources from organic and inorganic pollutants is an emerging application of photochemistry in environmental remediation
[66] A review on photocatalytic remediation of environmental pollutants and ... — A review on photocatalytic remediation of environmental pollutants and H2 production through water splitting: A sustainable approach - ScienceDirect In this context, photocatalysis, a subcategory of AOPs, is a process that promises the degradation of harmful pollutants in water and air matrices for clean production of energy without pollution (Boczkaj and Fernandes, 2017). Accordingly, considerable research effort has been made dedicated to the study of the degradation of organic substrates into harmless final products in air and water media by UV excitation of metal oxide photocatalysts (Boczkaj and Fernandes, 2017, Chong et al., 2010, Rajamanickam and Shanthi, 2016). Dealing with photocatalysis for purification of water, pollutant degradation, and hydrogen production through water splitting is a very important process for our environment because of abundant potential available solar light and water.
[84] Photochemistry: Principles, Applications, and Techniques — Photochemistry involves studying how light starts chemical reactions, processes, and mechanisms. These changes start photochemical reactions because the absorbed light energy pushes electrons to higher energy states, leading to chemical changes. Knowing how light and matter interact helps us improve photochemical applications, like designing materials that react to light and making photochemical processes more efficient in different technologies. Photochemical reactions are a captivating part of chemistry where light energy starts or drives chemical processes. Photochemistry, which studies how light causes chemical changes, has many uses in different areas. Its power to use light energy to trigger chemical changes makes it a key tool in environmental science, industry, and medicine. Photochemical research uses various tools and methods to study light-induced chemical reactions.
[85] What Is Photochemistry, Scope And Applications — Photochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions that are initiated by the presence of light. One of the fundamental principles of photochemistry is that the energy of light is absorbed by matter, and this energy can be used to drive chemical reactions. One of the main branches in photochemistry is concerned with investigating different types of chemical reactions that occur when molecules are exposed to light. Applications of photochemistry in everyday life include decontamination of drinking water, production of hydrogen fuel, and food processing. Photochemistry, the use of light for chemical reactions, is common in food processing. A photochemical process is a chemical reaction initiated or facilitated by the absorption of light.
[86] What is Photochemistry? (with pictures) - AllTheScience — Photochemistry is a branch within the field of chemistry which is focused on the study of chemical reactions which involve light, either because light acts as a catalyst for reactions, or because reactions produce light. On a more detailed level, it could be said to involve the study of the interactions between photons and molecules. This field is highly interdisciplinary, with people in
[87] Photochemistry - Wikipedia — Photochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical effects of light. Photochemical paths access high-energy intermediates that cannot be generated thermally, thereby overcoming large activation barriers in a short period of time, and allowing reactions otherwise inaccessible by thermal processes. Draper), states that light must be absorbed by a chemical substance in order for a photochemical reaction to take place. According to the second law of photochemistry, known as the Stark–Einstein law (for physicists Johannes Stark and Albert Einstein), for each photon of light absorbed by a chemical system, no more than one molecule is activated for a photochemical reaction, as defined by the quantum yield. Chemistry
[123] Photochemistry: Past, Present and Future | SpringerLink — Photochemistry Provides an overview of the history and applications of photochemistry This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this book This section provides useful background to the second part which outlines applications of photochemistry in the present day, such as in synthesis, green chemistry, diagnostics, medicine and nanotechnology. Photochemistry applications Photochemistry history Photochemistry in medicine Photochemistry in nanotechnology The Role of Photochemistry in Chemistry Alberto Albini is active in the field of organic photochemistry, organic synthesis via radicals and ions, photoinitiated reactions, mild synthetic procedures in the frame of the increasing interest for substainable/green chemistry, and applied photochemistry (photostability of dyes, drugs, photoinduced degradation of pollutants). Book Title: Photochemistry Access this book
[129] Nanomaterials for photocatalysis and applications in environmental ... — Nanomaterials for photocatalysis and applications in environmental remediation and renewable energy - PMC Semiconducting photocatalyst nanomaterials, such as SnO2, TiO2, MoS2, g-C3N4, and Bi-nanostructures have been proven efficient for a range of applications, including organic pollutant removal, NO_x_ degradation, renewable energy production, and waste-to-energy conversion [15,17–18]. This Thematic Issue highlights recent experimental and theoretical developments in using light harvesting by semiconductor materials for sustainable applications; for instance, dye solar cells, solar-driven water splitting, NO_x_ removal, and contaminant degradation. In addition, this Thematic Issue will undoubtedly provide the reader with novel ideas for developing nanomaterials for environmental remediation and sustainable applications; for instance, dye solar cells, solar-driven water splitting, NOx removal, and contaminant degradation. This article is part of the thematic issue "Nanomaterials for photocatalysis and applications in environmental remediation and renewable energy".
[140] Solar Photochemical Synthesis: From the Beginnings of Organic ... — Natural sunlight offers a cost-efficient and sustainable energy source for photochemical reactions. In contrast to the lengthy and small-scale "flask in the sun" procedures of the past, modern solar concentrator systems nowadays significantly shorten reaction times and enable technical-scale operations. After a brief historical introduction, this review presents the most important solar
[141] Harnessing the photochemistry of bromine for sustainable manufacturing ... — Researchers at RCPE (Austria) have developed an ingenious way to use the automated flow reactors manufactured by Corning SAS (France) to safely harness the photochemistry of bromine - a highly toxic, sludge-brown substance that can be used to make some of the most useful chemical bonds for pharmaceutical production.
[148] Photochemistry | Principles, and applications of photochemistry ... — A molecule absorbs a photon of light gets excited due to absorbed light energy and then undergoes a chemical reaction. In this process, one molecule (known as a doner) absorbs light energy gets excited and transfers its energy to another molecule (this molecule is called an acceptor). Thus the donor molecule returns to the ground state while the accepter gets excited which undergoes a photochemical reaction. In photochemistry, the various processes taking place after a molecule absorbs light energy are summarized as follows. Such a type of excitation is observed when molecules absorb light energy. This state is short-lived and has the molecule returns to the ground state by emission of a photon or it may transfer energy to another molecule or it may undergo a chemical reaction such as decomposition or rearrangement.
[149] Fundamentals of Photophysics, Photochemistry, and Photobiology - Springer — Like the probability of the absorption of photons, the rates of electronic energy transfer processes are subject to specific rules. In the latter case, these are mainly concerned with the conservation of spin and the distance dependence of the energy transfer rate between the energy donor and the energy acceptor.
[150] Basic Photochemistry - Photobiology — Photochemistry is the underlying mechanism for all of photobiology. When a molecule absorbs a photon of light, its electronic structure changes, and it reacts differently with other molecules. The energy that is absorbed from light can result in photochemical changes in the absorbing molecule, or in an adjacent molecule (e.g., photosensitization).
[151] Photochemistry: Theoretical Concepts and Reaction Mechanisms - PHOTOBIOLOGY — Assuming that population of S* by light absorption is characterized by the constant rate, W, in mol s-1, and the steady-state approximation (See IUPAC Gold Book) can be applied to the excited species we obtain the expression for the quantum yield of the photochemical reaction 0: This statement should illuminate the complexity of the theoretical analysis of photoreactions, especially because reliable calculations of the potential energy surfaces for electronically excited states of reasonably large molecules still represent a challenge for computational chemistry. Potential energy surfaces of the ground and an excited state with various pathways (dashed lines) following the light absorption (red arrow). Reaction medium may directly modify the potential energy surfaces of the ground and excited states and hence affect the photoreactivity.
[162] Shining a Spotlight on Photochemistry - Nolan - 2023 - ChemPhotoChem ... — Understanding photoinduced processes occurring on ultrafast timescales is fundamental in photochemistry, and the ongoing development and application of ultrafast spectroscopic techniques has led to many important advances, with applications in fields such as solar energy conversion, optoelectronics, excited-state dynamics, and photosynthesis.
[163] Computational photochemistry: advances in 2022-2023 — In the period 2022-2023, we can find a significant increase in the use of tools of computational photochemistry in materials science, as compared to previous years, maintaining the relative number of works in the areas of biology, medicine, nanotechnology and atmospheric chemistry.
[164] Recent Advances in Photochemical Asymmetric Three‐Component Reactions ... — Recent breakthroughs have led to the development of sophisticated strategies in this field. This review explores the intricate mechanisms, synthetic applications, and limitations of these methods. We anticipate that it will contribute towards advancing asymmetric catalysis, photochemical synthesis, and green chemistry.
[175] Recent advances in irradiation-mediated synthesis and tailoring of ... — 1 Introduction In recent years, photocatalysis and electrocatalysis have shown great advantages and broad application prospects in coping with the challenges of renewable clean energy. 1 Photocatalysis, driven by solar energy, initiates photocatalytic reactions via the generation of photo-induced electrons and holes, providing a friendly and sustainable way to transform solar energy into
[176] Challenges and Future Perspectives in Photocatalysis: Conclusions from ... — Photocatalysis is a versatile and rapidly developing field with applications spanning artificial photosynthesis, photo-biocatalysis, photoredox catalysis in solution or supramolecular structures, utilization of abundant metals and organocatalysts, sustainable synthesis, and plastic degradation. In this Perspective, we summarize conclusions from an interdisciplinary workshop of young principal
[177] Photochemical eco-friendly synthesis of photothermal and emissive ... — In line with the pursuit of sustainable and environmentally benign approaches to nanomaterial synthesis, we proposed a green photochemical approach to synthesize Cu NCs capped with monoethanolamine in water. These Cu NCs have been characterized by morphological, optical, electric, electronic, and magnetic measurements.
[193] Continuous-flow photochemistry as an automated platform integrated with ... — Considering the amount of reliable data that can be obtained in sequential flow, the integration of self-optimization with artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) approaches can be used for exploring new photochemical transformations to access novel chemical space for drug discovery.
[194] Machine learning methods in photochemistry and photophysics — Machine learning is revolutionizing our perspectives and paradigms in investigating and understanding photochemistry. The ML applications provide us a more efficient tool to assist the QC methods calculations and help us to gain new chemical insight from the data for elucidating the complex mechanism of photochemical reactions.
[195] Machine learning for the simulation of photochemistry - univie.ac.at — The aim of photochemistry simulations is to analyse and predict the interactions of molecules and light - as they are crucial for processes such as photosynthesis, human vision and photovoltaics. Quantum chemical methods that can be used to describe the many different excited states of molecules have recently experienced a major upswing through the use of machine learning. The enormous
[201] (PDF) Organic Photochemistry For Environmental And Agricultural ... — This study presents a comprehensive overview of recent innovations in organic photochemical processes that degrade environmental pollutants and promote sustainable agricultural practices.
[202] Photochemical behavior of dissolved organic matter in environmental ... — In general, DOM-induced surface water photochemistry has important impacts on the environmental transformation and toxic effects of aquatic pollutants and can even contribute significantly to the Earth's carbon cycle, which would have potential implications for both human and ecological health.
[204] Nanomaterial-Based Photochemical Degradation of Environmental ... — By harnessing the unique properties of nanomaterials, researchers can develop innovative solutions to combat pollution at its source. Additionally, the application of nanotechnology in environmental science aligns with sustainable practices, as the targeted degradation of pollutants minimizes the environmental impact of remediation efforts.
[205] Nanomaterials in Photochemical Devices: Advances and Applications - MDPI — The integration of nanomaterials in photochemical devices has revolutionized various sectors, including energy, environmental, and biomedical applications. Recent advancements have demonstrated the immense potential of these materials in enhancing the efficiency and functionality of photochemical processes.
[207] Nanomaterial-Based Photochemical Degradation of Environmental Pollutants — As societies worldwide grapple with the severe conse-quences of various contaminants on ecosystems and human health, the integration of nanomaterials and photochemistry stands out as a compelling strategy, offering a ray of hope in mitigating the adverse effects of pollution (González-González et al. 2022; Kumar et al. 2023a, b, c).
[210] (PDF) Organic Photochemistry For Environmental And Agricultural ... — The integration of organic photochemistry into eco-friendly agricultural inputs is also discussed, highlighting its role in minimizing chemical residues and improving soil health.
[211] (PDF) The Role of Organic Farming in Achieving Agricultural ... — The article concludes that organic farming is a key element in the pursuit of sustainable agriculture, offering multiple environmental and socio-economic benefits.
[219] Nanomaterial-Based Photochemical Degradation of Environmental Pollutants — Photochemical degradation represents a cutting-edge approach to environmental remediation, harnessing the power of light- most commonly sunlight-to initiate chemical reactions that break down pollutants into less harmful or inert substances (Padervand et al. 2019).This innovative process relies on the interaction between photons and nanomaterials, a synergy that triggers photoexcitation and
[220] Photochemical remediation of wastewater pollutants using metal ... — Photochemical remediation of wastewater pollutants using metal phthalocyanine-based composites: A review ... photocatalytic reactions degrade the pollutants into small and less/non-toxic species, ... for effective degradation of CBZ and sulfadiazine (SD), 99 % in 15 and 5 minutes with total organic carbon removal of 58 and 69 %, respectively
[221] Synergistic photocatalytic degradation of multiple class of organic ... — Each of the two oxides in the composite exhibits a distinct chemical reaction with the pollutant, leading to decomposition. ... are efficient for the degradation of effluents in wastewater and among all the photocatalysts GTW is the most effective with maximum 99 % degradation of MB dye at the highest rate of 9.6 × 10 −3 min −1 and
[222] Photochemical behaviors of dissolved organic matter in aquatic ... — The photochemical transformation of DOM is also influenced by environmental factors, such as solar light intensity, solution pH, ion types and others. Those factors could change the photochemical reaction, thus altering the transformation of DOM and the photolysis of organic pollutants (Fig. 4).
[224] Drought-ready plant resilience: Harnessing nano-biotechnology ... — Drought stress poses a formidable challenge in organic crop production, necessitating the development of resilient varieties capable of thriving in unpredictable climates shaped by climate change (Koohafkan and Altieri, 2016).Traditional methods for identifying drought-resistant crops involve subjecting plants to water stress conditions, but their limitations in time and resources impede
[227] Using Photocatalysis for Sustainable Agriculture: R-Leaf's Potential in ... — Applications of photocatalytic titanium dioxide-based nanomaterials in sustainable agriculture Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews , 40 ( 2019 ) , pp. 49 - 67 View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar
[236] Photochemical behaviors of dissolved organic matter in aquatic ... — In this regard, the photochemical behavior of DOM is fundamental as aspects of aquatic ecosystems and globe environment, which is critical to organic micropollutants for photodegradation via producing reactive intermediates under simulated solar irradiation, especially in aquatic ecosystems (Guo et al., 2021; Janssen et al., 2014). Here, we try to provide a comprehensive viewpoint focusing on (1) analyzing the structure and composition of DOM by the utilization of relevant characterized techniques, (2) providing key know-how on the impact of physical condition existed in real aquatic environment on DOM photochemical behaviors, (3) producing reactive intermediates support for organic micropollutants photodegradation and investigating the mechanisms, (4) giving the main limitation of DOM research and outlining some possible important research needs in the future.
[238] The Role of Dissolved Organic Matter Composition in Determining ... — Dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition influences its ability to form photochemically produced reactive intermediates (PPRI). While relationships have been established between bulk DOM properties and triplet DOM (3DOM) and singlet oxygen (1O2) quantum yields, contradictory evidence exists for hydroxyl radical (•OH) and hydroxylating species. Furthermore, little is known about these
[239] Photochemical effects on microbial activity in natural waters: the ... — 1 Introduction. The absorption of solar radiation, particularly in the ultraviolet (UV 300-400 nm) region by dissolved organic matter (DOM) in natural waters initiates a series of complex photochemical reactions that influence aquatic ecosystem structure and function [].For example, the bioavailability of DOM may be altered through photolysis by the shorter wavelength solar irradiation.
[242] A review on optimizing photocatalytic performance for effective removal ... — A review on optimizing photocatalytic performance for effective removal of emerging pollutants: Approaches and applications - ScienceDirect A review on optimizing photocatalytic performance for effective removal of emerging pollutants: Approaches and applications Enhanced photocatalytic activity for effective pollutant removal has been reviewed. This review also investigates the limitations and future directions of photocatalytic activities in emerging pollutant removal. This review highlights the optimization of photocatalytic performance as a promising solution for effectively degrading emerging pollutants. Recent advances in photocatalytic removal of sulfonamide pollutants from waste water by semiconductor heterojunctions: a review Enhancing photocatalytic performance of Co-TiO2 and Mo-TiO2-based catalysts through defect engineering and doping: a study on the degradation of organic pollutants under UV light
[243] Nanomaterial-Based Photochemical Degradation of Environmental Pollutants — In conclusion, the convergence of nanomaterials and photochemical degradation represents a cutting-edge and promising approach to combat environmental pollution.
[246] Trends in Photochemistry: Harnessing Light for Innovation — The trends in photochemistry are unlocking new possibilities for innovation across diverse industries-from renewable energy to drug discovery-from the light-driven chemical reaction to enable more efficient, sustainable, and versatile processes.
[247] 5 Exciting Photochemistry Applications For 2025 — Photochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies the chemical reactions and processes that are initiated or driven by light. In environmental science, photochemical processes are leveraged for solar energy conversion, whereby sunlight is harnessed to generate power through photovoltaic cells and chemical reactions. The field of photochemistry is poised for remarkable advancements that will reshape our understanding and application of light-driven chemical processes. Photochemistry is the study of chemical reactions, processes, and changes that result from the interaction of light with matter. Photochemistry involves chemical reactions driven by light energy, while thermochemistry focuses on reactions influenced by heat. Future developments in photochemistry may focus on improving solar energy efficiency, developing light-driven chemical processes for sustainable production, and advancing medical treatments like photodynamic therapy.
[248] The Future of Photochemistry: Just Bright - Griesbeck - 2019 ... — Why is the future of photochemistry so bright? Over the last decades, organic photochemistry has accumulated an immense number of special light-driven reactions, special effects and special selectivities that can be traced back to the properties of the excited states that initiate the chemistry.
[250] Solar Photochemistry | Chemistry and Nanoscience Research - NREL — Solar Photochemistry. NREL's solar photochemistry research focuses on solar photoconversion in molecular, nanoscale, and semiconductor systems to capture, control, and convert high-efficiency solar radiation into electrochemical potential for electricity, chemicals, or fuels. ... Nanotechnology for Catalysis and Solar Energy Conversion
[252] Role of Nanotechnology in Photocatalysis - PMC - PubMed Central (PMC) — In energy sector photocatalytic technique provided us environmental friendly, long life hydrogen H2 production solution and in pollution this technique provided us environmental friendly and with no side effect solution of water treatment and air treatment. In short photocatalytic reaction was take place in presence of light (Sunlight) and catalyst, produce free radical these radical react with pollutant molecule and decompose them. Photocatalytic reaction help us in energy sector and against pollution but here we need to increase the efficiency of photocatalytic reaction, instead of bulk material as a catalyst we can use nanotechnology to improve the efficiency of photocatalytic reaction. Enhancement of photocatalytic hydrogen production rate using photosensitized TiO2/RuO2-MV2+ International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen energy production of g-C3N4-WO3 composites under visible light irradiation.
[253] Possible integration of artificial intelligence with photodynamic ... — Integration of artificial intelligence with non-conventional photodynamic diagnosis and therapy AI can significantly enhance drug delivery outcomes by modifying formulation design. The performance and efficacy of the drug delivery system are influenced by drug stability, solubility and release kinetics [ 111 ].
[254] Deep Learning Insights into the Dynamic Effects of Photodynamic Therapy ... — Additionally, we aim to explore the use of novel deep learning and artificial intelligence models to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of PDT assessment. To effectively evaluate the therapeutic effects of nanophotosensitizers and contribute to the advancement of nanomedicine, we plan to further develop new methods to assess a wider range of
[256] Nanotechnology in photodynamic therapy - ScienceDirect — Nanotechnology breakthroughs have resulted in the creation of nanoparticles (NPs) as a remedy to the limitations of photodynamic therapy (PDT). NPs can be incorporated into PSs via physical encapsulation or chemical conjugation, modifying their chemical characteristics and enhancing ROS production efficiency.
[257] Advanced Delivery Systems and Targeting Strategies in Photodynamic ... — Recent advances in nanotechnology and targeting strategies have opened new possibilities for enhancing PDT efficacy through improved delivery systems and active targeting approaches. The development of sophisticated nanocarriers, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and hybrid systems, has demonstrated potential in overcoming these
[268] The Current Status of Photodynamic Therapy in Cancer Treatment — The Current Status of Photodynamic Therapy in Cancer Treatment Cancers (Basel). 2023 Jan 18;15(3):585. doi: 10.3390 ... such as exploring new photosensitizers with higher photodynamic conversion efficiency, alleviating tumor hypoxia to fuel the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), designing tumor-targeted PS, and applying PDT-based
[271] The Current Status of Photodynamic Therapy in Cancer Treatment — 24.Borah B.M., Cacaccio J., Durrani F.A., Bshara W., Turowski S.G., Spernyak J.A., Pandey R.K. Sonodynamic therapy in combination with photodynamic therapy shows enhanced long-term cure of brain tumor. 31.Shao Y., Liu B., Di Z., Zhang G., Sun L.D., Li L., Yan C.H. Engineering of Upconverted Metal-Organic Frameworks for Near-Infrared Light-Triggered Combinational Photodynamic/Chemo-/Immunotherapy against Hypoxic Tumors. 34.Li Y., Zhang R., Wan Q., Hu R., Ma Y., Wang Z., Hou J., Zhang W., Tang B.Z. Trojan Horse-Like Nano-AIE Aggregates Based on Homologous Targeting Strategy and Their Photodynamic Therapy in Anticancer Application. 63.Liu Z., Zou H., Zhao Z., Zhang P., Shan G.G., Kwok R.T.K., Lam J.W.Y., Zheng L., Tang B.Z. Tuning Organelle Specificity and Photodynamic Therapy Efficiency by Molecular Function Design.
[275] Recent advances and developments in solar-driven photothermal catalytic ... — This approach is highly promising for CO 2 reduction, as it utilizes the extensive absorption of solar spectra to combine thermochemical and photochemical processes, synergistically promoting catalytic reactions and achieving efficient CO 2 conversion under relatively mild conditions.
[276] Recent Advances in Organic Photocatalysts for Solar Water Splitting — Facing the current energy crisis and climate change, the discovery of robust yet inexpensive photocatalysts that harvest solar energy for overall water splitting is highly desirable. Recently, organic materials have attracted much attention in photocatalysis, attributed to their facile molecular-level functionalization, adjustable optoelectronic properties, favorable chemical robustness, and
[277] Recent Advances and Emerging Trends in Photo‐Electrochemical Solar ... — Photo-electrochemical (PEC) solar energy conversion offers the promise of low-cost renewable fuel generation from abundant sunlight and water. In this Review, recent developments in photo-electrochemical water splitting are discussed with respect to this promise.