Drought is a complex environmental phenomenon characterized by a prolonged deficit in water supply relative to expected conditions, often linked to atmospheric moisture patterns. As a research concept, it encompasses the interdisciplinary study of this deficit, investigating its meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural manifestations, its causes, spatial-temporal characteristics, progression through stages, and diverse environmental and socio-economic impacts. This research field is crucial for improving the characterization, monitoring, prediction, and mitigation of these events due to their significant global consequences for natural systems and human societies.