Table of Contents
Overview
Definition of Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis is defined as the development of a disease or morbid condition, which involves various cellular and biochemical mechanisms.[1.1] It specifically refers to the process by which a disease or disorder originates and progresses.[2.1] The mechanisms that lead to pathogenesis are initiated by underlying causes, which, if managed effectively, could prevent the disease from occurring.[3.1] Often, potential causes of diseases are first identified through epidemiological observations before a direct pathological link can be established.[3.1] This understanding of pathogenesis is essential for advancing the field of molecular pathological epidemiology, which integrates pathological perspectives with epidemiological approaches to assess causality and identify risk factors associated with specific molecular signatures of diseases.[3.1] The study of pathogenesis includes examining how various pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, invade host organisms, evade immune responses, and cause harm.[20.1] Each type of pathogen employs unique strategies for adhesion to host tissues, colonization, and damage, which are fundamental to their ability to cause disease.[20.1] For instance, pathogenic bacteria often possess additional genes coding for virulence factors that facilitate their colonization and immune evasion.[4.1] Moreover, the dynamics of pathogenesis involve complex interactions between pathogens and their hosts, highlighting the importance of understanding these mechanisms for advancing medical science and developing effective interventions.[20.1]Importance in Disease Understanding
Understanding epidemiology is essential for studying disease in populations, as it plays a crucial role in describing health status and identifying risk factors associated with both human and animal health.[7.1] By analyzing the relationships between health and various hazardous agents, epidemiology helps to define the parameters of diseases, which is vital for developing effective control measures.[7.1] The identification of specific risk factors through epidemiological studies enables public health professionals to formulate targeted prevention strategies, thereby enhancing disease surveillance and outbreak investigation efforts.[6.1] Ultimately, the health of populations is influenced by a multitude of factors, and a comprehensive understanding of these elements is necessary for effective public health interventions.[7.1] The exploration of distinct molecular signatures in diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease has revealed their correlation with disease activity, highlighting the potential for these signatures to inform the development of targeted therapies.[14.1] An analysis using Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) confirmed the molecular differences present in uninvolved skin across various conditions, indicating both common and disease-specific molecular pathway signatures.[15.1] Furthermore, the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) illustrates the heterogeneity within disease populations and the connectivity across different diseases, emphasizing the importance of gene signatures in understanding disease mechanisms.[16.1] Recent advancements in molecular medicine have resulted in the identification of molecular signatures associated with various disease subtypes, which is essential for understanding the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis.[18.1] The contextualization of these molecular patterns is crucial for obtaining mechanistic insights into the aberrant processes linked to diseases, typically requiring the integration of multiple heterogeneous data types.[18.1] Given that 80% of rare diseases have a genetic component, timely delivery of genomic information has been shown to enhance clinical decision-making and improve patient outcomes, thereby facilitating personalized treatment strategies.[12.1] This integration of pathogenesis research into clinical practice is evolving, providing a framework for the precise prediction, prevention, and treatment of diseases on an individual level.[17.1] Ultimately, these advancements contribute to more effective management of complex diseases and better patient outcomes.[12.1]History
Early Theories of Disease
Throughout history, epidemics have significantly influenced societal responses and shaped the understanding of disease. Notably, the Black Death in the 14th century and other epidemics like smallpox, the Spanish Flu of 1918, HIV/AIDS, and COVID-19 have altered the course of human life, leading to profound societal and economic impacts.[55.1] The Black Death, for example, resulted in a drastic reduction of Europe's population, which in turn affected its social structures and economic systems. In the United States, historical epidemics have fostered a spirit of altruism among communities. During the yellow fever epidemic of 1793, residents of Philadelphia demonstrated remarkable selflessness by stepping up to aid their city, showcasing how cultural beliefs and practices can galvanize public response during crises.[56.1] However, the relationship between epidemics and social dynamics is complex. Evidence indicates that epidemics can lead to social conflict under certain conditions. For instance, when diseases are not highly lethal but exhibit distressing symptoms, or when mortality rates disproportionately affect young children, tensions can escalate. Additionally, when scientific understanding of a disease is incomplete—neither fully attributed to supernatural causes nor entirely understood by medical authorities—this ambiguity can exacerbate fears and lead to scapegoating. Such dynamics are particularly pronounced in environments already fraught with intergroup tensions, especially when authorities implement heavy-handed policies that foster distrust among the population.[57.1] These historical examples illustrate the intricate interplay between cultural beliefs, societal responses, and the evolution of disease understanding, highlighting the significant role that epidemics have played in shaping human history.Evolution of Pathological Concepts
The evolution of pathological concepts has been significantly influenced by historical pandemics and the understanding of infectious diseases. Jonathan Kennedy's book, "Pathogenesis: A History of the World in Eight Plagues," illustrates how major outbreaks have shaped human history, arguing that germs have played a crucial role in societal changes, often overshadowing the contributions of notable individuals.[42.1] The book explores eight significant plagues across different historical periods, including the Paleolithic, Medieval, and Industrial eras, highlighting the interplay between disease and historical events.[43.1] The development of public health policies has also been informed by historical outbreaks. Over the past 250 years, political, economic, cultural, and ideological factors have influenced the establishment of organizations aimed at protecting public health.[45.1] For instance, a pivotal report in the 19th century documented the extent of disease and suffering, promoting sanitation and engineering as means to control outbreaks, which laid the groundwork for modern public health infrastructure.[47.1] This historical context underscores the importance of understanding the social responsibilities and causes of disease in shaping public health agencies and institutions. Moreover, the evolution of pathogens has necessitated adaptive public health strategies. As pathogens evolve, so too must the approaches to managing outbreaks. The COVID-19 pandemic exemplified the challenges posed by emerging pathogens, revealing gaps in preparedness and the need for effective diagnostic tools and treatment regimens.[62.1] The ongoing evolution of public health reflects the dynamic relationship between pathogens, their hosts, and the environment, emphasizing the necessity for continuous adaptation in public health strategies.[60.1] Advancements in molecular pathogenesis have significantly influenced outbreak preparedness and response in public health. The evolution of germ theory has had a profound impact on modern medicine and public health practices, reshaping strategies to control and prevent infectious diseases globally. Innovations in vaccine technology, including the recent development of mRNA vaccines, highlight the enduring influence of germ theory on medical advancements and public health initiatives.[61.1] Furthermore, advancements in diagnostics and therapeutics offer hope for improved management of infectious diseases, yet challenges persist. This underscores the critical need for enhanced surveillance, vaccination strategies, and continued research to bolster global health systems and preparedness for future outbreaks.[64.1] Effective preparedness and response to outbreaks also require priority setting for research on epidemic and pandemic-prone pathogens, which is essential for the allocation of limited resources and the identification of knowledge gaps crucial to optimizing impact.[63.1]Types Of Pathogenesis
Microbial Pathogenesis
Microbial pathogenesis encompasses the various mechanisms by which pathogenic microorganisms cause disease in their hosts. This process begins with the exposure of the host to pathogens through various routes, including air, food, and contact with infected individuals or environments.[96.1] Once exposed, pathogens must successfully colonize specific organs, tissues, and cells within the host.[96.1] Pathogenic microorganisms can be classified into several categories, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, each employing unique strategies to invade and damage host tissues. For instance, bacterial pathogens utilize virulence factors that facilitate their invasion, disease causation, and evasion of host defenses.[97.1] The degree of virulence is influenced by factors such as the number of infecting organisms, the route of entry, and the host's immune response.[97.1] Bacterial pathogenesis encompasses a series of critical steps that lead to the establishment of infection. The process begins with bacterial exposure to the host through various routes, including air, food, and contact with infected individuals or environments.[96.1] Following this initial exposure, bacteria colonize specific organs, tissues, and cells within the host.[96.1] To successfully establish an infection, pathogenic bacteria must evade the host's immune response through diverse strategies.[96.1] These mechanisms ultimately result in negative impacts on the host, manifesting as disease.[96.1] Understanding the diverse types of pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, and their unique mechanisms of causing infections is fundamental for advancing medical science and developing effective interventions.[84.1] Fungal pathogens, such as Candida albicans, can exist harmlessly in the human body but may become pathogenic under certain conditions, leading to infections.[98.1] Protozoan pathogens, like Entamoeba histolytica, exhibit diverse mechanisms that contribute to their pathogenicity, including the ability to cause severe gastrointestinal diseases.[98.1] The distinction between intracellular and extracellular pathogens is increasingly blurred, as growing evidence indicates that many pathogens can exist both within and outside of host cells.[111.1] Some pathogens, such as Chlamydia spp., Rickettsia spp., and Mycobacterium leprae, have an obligate intracellular lifecycle, meaning they absolutely require a mammalian cell for growth.[113.1] In contrast, other pathogens are facultatively intracellular, utilizing their ability to enter and survive within host cells to proliferate or spread to other cells.[113.1] Understanding how these pathogens operate is crucial for developing effective treatments and preventive measures, as their mechanisms are diverse and complex, involving intricate interactions with human hosts.[95.1]Host-Mediated Pathogenesis
Host-mediated pathogenesis involves the complex interactions between a host's immune response and the pathogenic agents, which can lead to various diseases. One significant aspect of this interaction is the role of inflammation, which can be classified into acute and chronic types. Acute inflammation is characterized by a rapid onset and typically resolves within a few days, involving neutrophils as the primary cellular infiltrate. It serves as a crucial response to tissue damage and pathogen invasion, promoting healing and recovery.[91.1] In contrast, chronic inflammation is a prolonged response that can last for months or even years, often leading to tissue damage and contributing to the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases, including cancer, heart disease, and diabetes.[94.1] Chronic inflammation is marked by the infiltration of immune cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes, which produce inflammatory cytokines and growth factors that can exacerbate tissue damage and promote disease progression.[94.1] This persistent inflammatory state is a significant risk factor for the development of various conditions, as it can lead to structural and functional changes in tissues, ultimately resulting in diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and cancer.[93.1] The interplay between genetic factors and environmental influences is critical for understanding host-mediated pathogenesis, particularly in cancer development. Genetic mutations can arise from spontaneous processes during cell replication, be inherited, or result from exposure to environmental carcinogens, which are chemicals that can induce cancer.[88.1] Recent research has highlighted that the interactions between environmental factors and specific allelic variants significantly modulate an individual's susceptibility to diseases, including cancer.[86.1] Much of the research on genetic polymorphisms has focused on their role in the activation and detoxification of carcinogens, as well as DNA repair mechanisms, which are essential for understanding cancer risk.[87.1] Furthermore, these gene-environment interactions are vital for elucidating the biological nature of cancer, enhancing the identification of susceptible genes that interact with various environmental agents.[89.1] Understanding these interactions may also have implications for precision medicine, as they can inform tailored medical therapies for patients based on their unique genetic and environmental profiles.[88.1]In this section:
Recent Advancements
Innovations in Diagnostics
Recent advancements in diagnostics have significantly enhanced the understanding and management of various diseases, particularly in the context of neurodegenerative diseases and tuberculosis. In the realm of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the development of blood-based biomarkers has emerged as a crucial tool for early diagnosis and monitoring disease progression. These biomarkers are pivotal in addressing the challenges posed by the lack of effective disease-modifying treatments for these conditions.[128.1] In the field of tuberculosis, innovations in genomic sequencing technologies, including whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), have transformed research and diagnostics. These advancements have accelerated patient-level investigations and facilitated the discovery of drug resistance determinants, thereby improving the understanding of Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence factors and their role in pathogenesis.[153.1] Furthermore, the application of pathogen genome sequencing in molecular epidemiology has become increasingly important for outbreak investigations, allowing for a more nuanced understanding of the genetic variations within circulating strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.[156.1]Therapeutic Strategies
Recent advancements in the understanding of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have led to the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at addressing the complex pathogenesis of these disorders. One significant area of focus is the development of cell-based models, particularly those utilizing human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which have proven invaluable in emulating human neurodegenerative diseases. These models not only enhance our understanding of disease mechanisms but also provide a platform for identifying potential therapeutic targets and evaluating treatment efficacy.[143.1] Emerging therapeutic strategies include neurorestorative interventions such as stem cell therapy and the use of antisense oligonucleotides. These approaches aim to modify disease progression and restore neuronal function in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease (HD).[144.1] Additionally, advancements in blood-based biomarkers are facilitating early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression, which is crucial for timely intervention.[144.1] The integration of innovative methodologies, such as machine learning and biomedical signal processing, is also enhancing the evaluation of treatment-related changes in patients. These technologies enable more precise assessments of physical and mental health alterations, thereby supporting the discovery of new treatments that can improve patient outcomes.[158.1] Furthermore, the application of novel research techniques, including neuroimaging and -omics technologies, is driving a paradigm shift in the study of neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, ultimately leading to the identification of new therapeutic targets.[157.1]In this section:
Neurodegenerative DiseasesTuberculosisAlzheimer's DiseaseParkinson's DiseaseAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Methodologies In Pathogenesis Research
In Vitro Studies
In vitro studies play a crucial role in pathogenesis research by allowing for controlled experimentation on the interactions between pathogens and host cells. These studies utilize various methodologies, including microscopic evaluation and advanced molecular techniques, to investigate the behavior of infectious agents within a laboratory setting. For instance, fluorescence microscopy has been employed to quantitatively assess bacterial intracellular positioning, using models such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection of epithelial cells, which can be adapted to study a wide range of pathogens and host cell types.[214.1] Analytical pathology is another significant aspect of in vitro studies, where pathomorphological methods are applied to examine pathological changes in tissues or cells. This approach aids in exploring the causes and development of diseases, ultimately contributing to accurate pathological diagnoses.[178.1] Furthermore, traditional and special histochemical stains are utilized to highlight various pathogens in tissues, enhancing the understanding of their characteristics and behaviors during infection.[210.1] Recent advances in molecular biology have also transformed in vitro methodologies, moving beyond traditional morphologic pattern recognition to incorporate sophisticated immunologic and molecular techniques. This evolution has significantly improved diagnostic pathology and laboratory medicine, enabling researchers to gain deeper insights into host-pathogen interactions.[211.1] Additionally, cultivation methods have advanced, allowing for the successful laboratory cultivation of newly recognized microbial pathogens, which is essential for studying their pathogenesis.[212.1]Clinical Trials and Patient Studies
Clinical trials and patient studies have increasingly incorporated digital pathology as a transformative tool in the field of pathogenesis research. Digital pathology represents a significant advancement in pathomorphological diagnostics, particularly highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic, where it facilitated remote work for pathologists and enabled asynchronous consultations, thereby enhancing the efficiency of diagnostic processes.[200.1] The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with digital pathology has further revolutionized medical diagnostics by combining medical expertise with technological advancements. This convergence not only improves diagnostic accuracy but also holds promise for personalized patient care, as it allows for more informed and empowered health decisions.[201.1] The application of AI and machine learning algorithms within digital pathology has been particularly beneficial in diagnosing complex diseases, such as cancer, thereby advancing the understanding of disease pathology and therapeutic targets.[202.1] Moreover, digital pathology has extended its reach through telepathology, which provides diagnostic services to underserved areas, thus broadening access to essential medical care.[202.1] The advantages of digital pathology are recognized by pathologists and researchers alike, who utilize it for clinical, educational, and research purposes. However, the successful integration of digital pathology systems necessitates collaborative efforts from multiple stakeholders to ensure effective implementation.[203.1]In this section:
Challenges In Understanding Pathogenesis
Complex Interactions in Disease Mechanisms
Pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of mechanisms that enable bacteria and other pathogens to invade, survive, and damage host tissues. Understanding these intricate processes is essential for developing effective treatments and preventive measures against infectious diseases.[216.1] One of the primary challenges in comprehending pathogenesis lies in the diverse strategies employed by pathogens to adhere to host cells. Adhesion molecules, which act as molecular glue, facilitate the initial attachment of bacteria to host tissues, enhancing their ability to resist host defenses.[219.1] For instance, multivalent adhesion molecules (MAMs) are a recent class of bacterial adhesins that participate in high-affinity binding during the early stages of infection across various Gram-negative bacteria.[225.1] Pathogens employ a variety of mechanisms to manipulate host cellular processes, which is crucial for their survival and proliferation. The initial step in bacterial infection often involves the ability of bacteria to adhere to host cells, utilizing proteins that recognize and bind to host cell receptors with high specificity. This adhesion enhances the bacteria's ability to remain attached despite host defenses.[217.1] Once adhered, some bacteria can inject effector proteins directly into host cells through systems such as the type III secretion system (T3SS). This process disrupts immune cell signaling, effectively dampening the host's defensive responses and facilitating infection.[217.1] Additionally, certain pathogens produce proteins that bind to host immune molecules, blocking their action and preventing the recruitment of additional immune cells to the site of infection.[217.1] By employing these strategies, bacteria can effectively manipulate cellular processes to favor their survival within hostile environments.[215.1] The ability of pathogens to evade host immune responses is another critical aspect of pathogenesis. Bacteria have evolved numerous strategies to circumvent host defenses, including antigenic variation, where they alter surface proteins to evade detection by the immune system.[215.1] Furthermore, the degree of virulence is influenced by various factors, including the number of infecting bacteria, the route of entry, and the specific immune responses of the host.[220.1] This complexity underscores the challenges in understanding how different pathogens interact with host systems and the subsequent implications for disease progression. Moreover, the acquisition of essential nutrients, such as iron, is vital for bacterial survival within the host. Bacteria employ mechanisms like the production of siderophores to scavenge iron from host proteins, thereby overcoming nutritional immunity.[219.1] This nutrient acquisition is intricately linked to the pathogen's ability to establish infection and cause disease.Future Directions
Emerging Technologies in Pathogenesis Research
Emerging technologies in pathogenesis research are paving the way for significant advancements in understanding and treating various diseases. In the realm of neurodegenerative diseases, recent studies have highlighted the importance of cellular and animal models in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). These models have provided invaluable insights that could inform future therapeutic strategies, particularly through the identification of genetic mutations and the development of genetically modified large animal models that better mimic human pathology.[268.1] Moreover, the integration of blood-based biomarkers has emerged as a promising avenue for early diagnosis and monitoring of neurodegenerative diseases. These biomarkers, such as plasma p-tau concentrations, have demonstrated high accuracy in differentiating between AD and other neurodegenerative disorders at early stages.[275.1] However, transitioning from cerebrospinal fluid to blood biomarkers presents challenges that require careful consideration, including the need for robust validation and implementation strategies.[274.1] Emerging technologies in pathogenesis research, particularly in the context of metabolic disorders, highlight the importance of interdisciplinary approaches that integrate environmental science and public health. The exposome research paradigm is particularly promising, as it has the potential to delineate the impact of environmental exposures on human health and contribute to a deeper understanding of how individuals respond to various environmental agents and stressors.[273.1] Given the rapid changes in lifestyle in modern society, the incidence of metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus and obesity, is increasing, raising significant public health concerns globally.[272.1] Public health interventions that target modifiable risk factors are crucial for promoting healthier lifestyles and preventing these diseases. Effective implementation of such interventions requires collaboration among government agencies, healthcare providers, and community organizations to create supportive environments that foster healthy aging.[270.1]Potential for Personalized Medicine
Genetic variations within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) play a crucial role in the pathogen's ability to transmit among different host populations, influence latency periods, and determine drug resistance profiles. These variations typically arise from de novo mutations, which are shaped by various evolutionary forces that either preserve or eliminate them.[294.1] A comprehensive understanding of the pre-existing genetic variation in antibiotic resistance genes within MTBC is essential for accurately interpreting whole-genome sequencing data, which is vital for genotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST).[295.1] Moreover, analyzing the genomic diversity of circulating strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis can yield significant insights into host-pathogen interactions that affect pathogenesis and transmission. This genomic analysis highlights that while strain identity is important, it is not the sole determinant of tuberculosis infection outcomes; factors such as the genetic diversity of host populations and environmental influences also play critical roles.[296.1] In the context of neurodegenerative diseases, gene therapy has emerged as a promising disease-modifying therapeutic approach, particularly for conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Preclinical studies in rodent and nonhuman primate models have shown encouraging results, prompting multiple clinical trials that evaluate various genetic targets.[300.1] Alzheimer's disease is characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive functions due to neuronal loss, neurotransmission system deterioration, and the accumulation of specific proteins in the central nervous system, including amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.[301.1] Understanding these underlying pathophysiological mechanisms is essential for developing personalized medicine strategies that can effectively target the unique aspects of each patient's disease.In this section:
Human PathologyCerebrospinal FluidImplementation StrategiesMetabolic DisordersEnvironmental Science
References
[1] Pathogenesis | definition of pathogenesis by Medical dictionary — Pathogenesis is the development of disease or morbid condition, involving cellular and biochemical mechanisms. Learn the difference between pathogenesis and etiology, and see various sources and definitions of pathogenesis.
[2] PATHOGENESIS Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster — The meaning of PATHOGENESIS is the origination and development of a disease.
[3] Pathogenesis - Wikipedia — Pathogenesis - Wikipedia In pathology, pathogenesis is the process by which a disease or disorder develops. The pathogenic mechanisms of a disease (or condition) are set in motion by the underlying causes, which if controlled would allow the disease to be prevented. Often, a potential cause is identified by epidemiological observations before a pathological link can be drawn between the cause and the disease. The pathological perspective can be directly integrated into an epidemiological approach in the interdisciplinary field of molecular pathological epidemiology. Molecular pathological epidemiology can help to assess pathogenesis and causality by means of linking a potential risk factor to molecular pathologic signatures of a disease. Thus, the molecular pathological epidemiology paradigm can advance the area of causal inference.
[4] Overview of Microbial Pathogenesis - Biology LibreTexts — To cause disease, a microorganism must Adhere to cells of the skin or mucosa of its new host and colonize the body The genomes of pathogenic bacteria, when compared with those of similar nonpathogenic species or strains, often show extra genes coding for virulence factors, that is, molecules expressed and secreted by the bacterium that enable them to colonize the host, evade or inhibit the immune responses of the host, enter into or out of a host cell, and/or obtain nutrition from the host. 6: Virulence Factors that Damage the HostIn this section on Bacterial Pathogenesis, we are looking at bacterial virulence factors that can influence its ability to cause infectious disease.
[6] Epidemiology - Medical Microbiology - NCBI Bookshelf — One goal of epidemiologic studies is to define the parameters of a disease, including risk factors, in order to develop the most effective measures for control. This chapter includes a discussion of the chain of infection, the three main epidemiologic methods, and how to investigate an epidemic (Table 9-1). ... (CDC), U.S. Public Health Service
[7] Epidemiology, Population Health, and Health Impact Assessment — The health of populations depends on many different factors. Epidemiology is a discipline that has a crucial role in describing health status, identifying risk factors, and analyzing relationships between health and different hazardous agents. The classical epidemiological triangle of host-agent-environment describes how individuals become ill.
[12] A genomic strategy for precision medicine in rare diseases: integrating ... — Given that 80% of rare diseases have a genetic component, delivering genomic information in a timely manner has proven to enhance clinical decision-making, improve patient outcomes, and facilitate personalized treatment strategies, ultimately leading to more effective management of complex diseases . To implement routine genetic testing for all inherited disorders included in the services portfolios of all public Andalusian hospitals, we designed the first version (D1) of an NGS custom designed panel called pRARE (Personalized Rare Diseases Exome), which was subsequently updated twice (D2 and D3, consecutively) with the purpose of improving coverage of the most in-demand groups of pathologies.
[14] An exploratory multi-omics study reveals distinct molecular signatures ... — An exploratory multi-omics study reveals distinct molecular signatures of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease and their correlation with disease activity ... respectively. These DAs showed relatively straightforward patterns of differences across three data modalities ... Another protein, ANGPTL4, is known for its regulatory role in
[15] Machine learning reveals distinct gene signature profiles in lesional ... — GSVA confirmed the molecular differences between uninvolved skin of the various conditions. ... Overall, there was enrichment of most myeloid and lymphoid-derived cell signatures across all four diseases as compared to control, whereas expression of skin ... These data show that both common and disease-specific molecular pathway signatures
[16] Gene signature-based mapping of immunological systems and diseases ... — The Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) from the Broad Institute was developed for this purpose, ... The disease signature map indicates the heterogeneity of populations within the disease, as well as connectivity across different diseases. Gene signatures were mapped against each other, cell type vs. disease and drug target vs. disease to
[17] Comparison of Molecular Signatures from Multiple Skin Diseases ... — Our study provides an integrative approach to the study of gene signatures from multiple skin conditions, elucidating mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Additionally, these studies provide a framework for developing tools for personalized medicine towards the precise prediction, prevention, and treatment of disease on an individual level.
[18] Navigating the disease landscape: knowledge representations for ... — Large amounts of data emerging from experiments in molecular medicine are leading to the identification of molecular signatures associated with disease subtypes. The contextualization of these patterns is important for obtaining mechanistic insight into the aberrant processes associated with a disease, and this typically involves the integration of multiple heterogeneous types of data. In this
[20] Pathogenesis Dynamics: Bacterial, Viral, Fungal, and Parasitic Insights — Pathogenesis dynamics encompass the interactions between pathogens and their hosts, leading to disease development. This field examines how microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites—invade, evade immune responses, and cause harm, each employing unique mechanisms that challenge our understanding of infectious diseases.
[42] Review: 'Pathogenesis' offers different lens on history - AP News — "Pathogenesis: A History of the World in Eight Plagues," by Jonathan Kennedy (Crown) Great historical changes are often conceived of as being brought about by the genius and tenacity of great men, or occasionally women, but Jonathan Kennedy argues in his book "Pathogenesis: A History of the World in Eight Plagues," that germs are largely responsible for everything from the decline o
[43] Pathogenesis: A History of the World in Eight Plagues - Goodreads — I was expecting Pathogenesis to cover the history and legacy of eight different plagues (Black Death, typhoid, cholera, etc.), but instead each section covers a different time period (e.g. Paleolithic, Medieval, Industrial). Kennedy walks the reader through the major historical events within each of these time periods, and lays forth his belief
[45] Pandemics and Public Health Crises in United States History — We will explore historical pandemics and disease outbreaks to learn how political, economic, cultural, and ideological factors have shaped efforts to develop organizations and institutions to protect the public's health and prevent disease over the past 250 years; ... Professional Development Program Audience. Higher Education Faculty. View
[47] 3 A History of the Public Health System - National Center for ... — The report, which influenced later developments in public health in England and the United States, documented the extent of disease and suffering in the population, promoted sanitation and engineering as means of controlling disease, and laid the foundation for public infrastructure for combating and preventing contagious disease. The report recommended, among other things, new census schedules; regular surveys of local health conditions; supervision of water supplies and waste disposal; special studies on specific diseases, including tuberculosis and alcoholism; education of health providers in preventive medicine; local sanitary associations for collecting and distributing information; and the establishment of a state board of health and local boards of health to enforce sanitary regulations. New ideas about causes of disease and about social responsibility stimulated the development of public health agencies and institutions.
[55] The Indelible Mark of Epidemics on Human History and Evolution — Throughout history, epidemics like the Black Death in the 14th century, smallpox, the Spanish Flu of 1918, HIV/AIDS, and COVID-19 have dramatically altered the course of human life. The Black Death, for instance, decimated a significant portion of Europe's population, leaving lasting impacts on its society and economy.
[56] How Epidemics of the Past Changed the Way Americans Lived — Epidemics of the past established an ethos of altruism in the U.S. During the 1793 yellow fever epidemic, Philadelphians selflessly stepped up to save their city.
[57] Epidemics, pandemics, and social conflict: Lessons from the past and ... — The evidence suggests that epidemics are more likely to lead to social conflict: (i) when they are not so lethal; (ii) when they have distressing symptoms; (iii) when mortality rates are disproportionately higher for young children than for adults; (iv) for “intermediary” levels of scientific knowledge of the mechanisms by which the disease transmits, i.e. when the disease is neither attributed to supernatural causes nor yet fully understood by the medical community, authorities, and populations; (v) when intergroup tensions are already rife; and (vi) when authorities encourage, or allow, scapegoating or implement heavy-handed policies that lead to distrust within the population.
[60] A History of Public Health - PMC - PubMed Central (PMC) — The evolution of public health is a continuing process; pathogens change, as do the environment and the host. ... Throughout history, examples of the defeat of armies by disease and lack of support services prove the need for paying serious attention to the health and care of the soldier. ... This raised public concern and consciousness in
[61] Germ Theory: Evolution and Impact on Medicine and Public Health — Germ Theory: Evolution and Impact on Medicine and Public Health - BiologyInsights Germ Theory: Evolution and Impact on Medicine and Public Health Explore the evolution of germ theory and its profound influence on modern medicine and public health practices. The continued innovation in vaccine technology, including the recent development of mRNA vaccines, underscores the enduring influence of germ theory on medical advancements and public health initiatives. Germ theory’s influence on public health has reshaped strategies to control and prevent infectious diseases on a global scale. The evolution of pathogen detection technologies has enhanced our ability to diagnose and manage infectious diseases. Molecular diagnostics have transformed how infectious diseases are detected, offering rapid and precise identification of pathogens at a genetic level.
[62] An updated insight into the molecular pathogenesis, secondary ... — The COVID-19 outbreak has clearly shown the anemic preparation against evolving and re-emerging dangerous pathogens across the world. The source of the outbreak, the intermediate host, an effective treatment regimen, tools for early diagnosis in asymptomatic patients, and tools to predict the emergence of novel pathogens all remain elusive.
[63] Research prioritisation in preparedness for and response to outbreaks ... — Background Priority setting for research on epidemic/pandemic-prone pathogens is essential for the allocation of limited resources to optimise impact. It involves the identification of gaps in knowledge crucial to effective preparedness and response to outbreaks. This review maps priority-setting exercises, reviews their approaches to research prioritisation and describes associated monitoring
[64] Mpox Resurgence: A Multifaceted Analysis for Global Preparedness - MDPI — Advancements in diagnostics and therapeutics offer hope, but challenges persist. This work underscores the critical need for enhanced surveillance, vaccination strategies, and continued research to bolster global health systems and preparedness for future outbreaks.
[84] Pathogenic Microorganisms: Types and Infection Mechanisms — Pathogenic Microorganisms: Types and Infection Mechanisms - BiologyInsights Explore the diverse types of pathogenic microorganisms and their unique mechanisms of causing infections in this comprehensive overview. While many bacteria are harmless or beneficial, some are pathogenic, causing diseases in humans and other hosts. The mechanisms by which pathogenic bacteria cause disease are varied. Pathogenic fungi have developed mechanisms to withstand antifungal drugs, making infections harder to treat. Understanding the mechanisms by which pathogens cause disease is fundamental to advancing medical science and developing effective interventions. Pathogenic microorganisms, whether bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa, employ a range of strategies to invade, colonize, and damage host tissues. For many pathogens, the initial step in causing infection is adhesion to host tissues.
[86] Impact of Gene-Environment Interactions on Cancer Development — Research has also pointed out that the interactions of environmental factors with specific allelic variants highly modulate the susceptibility to diseases. Hence, many scientific discoveries on gene-environment interactions have elucidated the impact of their combined effect on the incidence and/or prevalence rate of human diseases.
[87] The Links Between Environmental Factors, Genetics, and the Development ... — The Links Between Environmental Factors, Genetics, and the Development of Cancer - Cancer and the Environment - NCBI Bookshelf Recent research has identified functional polymorphisms that influence an individual's cancer risk and has focused on gene products involved in activation and detoxification of carcinogens and DNA repair. Considerably more information is needed about how genetic polymorphisms influence the response to dietary components and ultimately cancer risk, added Milner. Much of the work on identifying functional polymorphisms that influence an individual's cancer risk has focused on gene products involved in the activation and detoxification of carcinogens and, more recently, on DNA repair.
[88] How the environment is silently shaping your risk for cancer — These genetic mutations can be inherited, happen spontaneously when cells make copies of themselves, or be caused by environmental carcinogens — chemicals capable of causing cancer. ... "These gene-environment interactions may have implications on precision medicine for patients who need medical therapy in addition to surgical removal of
[89] Impact of Gene-Environment Interactions on Cancer Development — Consequently, research on gene-environment interactions is crucial in understanding how genetic heterogeneity is influenced by various environmental agents , giving more enlightenment on the biological nature of cancer, improving the capacity to identify the susceptible gene that interacts with other factors , helping to single
[91] Pathology, Inflammation - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf — Issues of Concern. Acute or Chronic Inflammation. Acute inflammation has a rapid onset of minutes or hours, typically resolves within a few days, has classic signs and symptoms, and has a cellular infiltrate primarily consisting of neutrophils. The erythema observed in acute inflammation results from increased blood flow to the affected area due to vasodilation.
[93] Understanding acute and chronic inflammation - Harvard Health — Chronic inflammation plays a central role in some of the most challenging diseases of our time, including rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, asthma, and even Alzheimer's. This report will examine the role that chronic inflammation plays in these conditions, and will also provide information on the breadth of drugs
[94] Chronic Inflammation - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf — Continuing Education Activity Chronic inflammation is also referred to as slow, long-term inflammation lasting several months to years. Chronic Inflammation Chronic inflammation is also referred to as slow, long-term inflammation lasting for prolonged periods of several months to years. Epidemiology Chronic inflammatory diseases are the most significant cause of death in the world. Thus the hallmarks of chronic inflammation are the infiltration of the primary inflammatory cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells in the tissue site, producing inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, enzymes and hence contributing to the progression of tissue damage and secondary repair including fibrosis and granuloma formation, etc. Complications Although chronic inflammation progresses silently, it is the cause of most chronic diseases and presents a major threat to the health and longevity of individuals.
[95] Pathogenic Microorganisms and Their Disease Mechanisms — Understanding how these pathogens operate is crucial for developing effective treatments and preventive measures. Their mechanisms are diverse and complex, involving intricate interactions with human hosts. Bacterial Pathogens. Bacteria, single-celled organisms, are among the most ancient life forms on Earth.
[96] Understanding bacterial pathogenicity: a closer look at the journey of ... — Steps of bacterial pathogenesis: (1) Bacterial exposure to host through air, food, infected person, and environment, (2) Colonization of the bacteria inside host within specific organs, tissues, and cells, (3) Evasion of immune response through diverse strategies, and (4) generating negative impact on host by causing infection. Future research on bacterial pathogenesis and infections should focus on investigating new antibiotic resistance mechanisms, particularly in bacteria that are evolving, like E.
[97] Bacterial Pathogenesis - Medical Microbiology - NCBI Bookshelf — Virulence factors help bacteria to (1) invade the host, (2) cause disease, and (3) evade host defenses. The degree of virulence is related directly to the ability of the organism to cause disease despite host resistance mechanisms; it is affected by numerous variables such as the number of infecting bacteria, route of entry into the body, specific and nonspecific host defense mechanisms, and virulence factors of the bacterium. Susceptibility to bacterial infections depends on the physiologic and immunologic condition of the host and on the virulence of the bacteria. Before increased amounts of specific antibodies or T cells are formed in response to invading bacterial pathogens, the “nonspecific” mechanisms of host resistance (such as polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophage clearance) must defend the host against the microbes.
[98] Pathogenic Microorganisms and Their Disease Mechanisms — Pathogenic Microorganisms and Their Disease Mechanisms - BiologyInsights Pathogenic Microorganisms and Their Disease Mechanisms Explore the mechanisms by which various pathogenic microorganisms cause diseases and impact human health. One of the most well-known fungal pathogens is *Candida albicans*, a yeast that normally resides in the human body without causing harm. The dual nature of this pathogen’s life cycle—partly in humans and partly in the tsetse fly—presents unique challenges for disease control and eradication. *Entamoeba histolytica*, the cause of amoebiasis, further illustrates the diverse mechanisms employed by protozoan pathogens. Helminths, or parasitic worms, are a diverse group of pathogens that can cause chronic and debilitating diseases. This condition can result in seizures, headaches, and other neurological symptoms, highlighting the severe impact helminthic pathogens can have on human health.
[111] The intracellular pathogen concept - PubMed — Growing evidence has blurred the distinction between "intracellular" and "extracellular" pathogens and demonstrated that many pathogens can exist both within and outside of cells. ... From the beginning to the present state of molecular microbial pathogenesis-A tribute to Pascale Cossart. Goebel W. Goebel W. Mol Microbiol. 2020 Mar;113(3):538
[113] Mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity - Oxford Academic — Some pathogens have an obligate intracellular lifecycle which absolutely requires a mammalian cell for growth. These include Chlamydia spp, Rickettsia spp, and Mycobacterium leprae. 13 Other pathogens are facultatively intracellular, using their ability to enter and survive within host cells as a means of proliferation or spreading to other
[128] Advancements in neurodegenerative diseases: Pathogenesis and novel ... — Advancements in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Pathogenesis and Novel Neurorestorative Interventions - ScienceDirect Search ScienceDirect Advancements in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Pathogenesis and Novel Neurorestorative Interventions open access Progressive neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) that lack effective disease-modifying treatments, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington’s disease (HD), represent significant global health challenges. In this review, we summarize recent advancements of the pathogenesis of NDs, the cellular and animal models that have provided valuable insights into disease mechanisms, and the development of blood-based biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression. We also highlight emerging neurorestorative therapeutic strategies involving stem cell therapy, antisense oligonucleotides, and induced pluripotent stem cells. For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.
[143] Editorial: Cell-based neurodegenerative disease modeling — This Research Topic of articles emphasizes the critical importance and urgency of refining and developing cell-based models, particularly those based on hPSCs, to emulate human neurodegenerative diseases. These models, as shown in this Research Topic, not only provide invaluable insights into disease pathogenesis, but also present an avenue for
[144] Advancements in neurodegenerative diseases: Pathogenesis and novel ... — Advancements in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Pathogenesis and Novel Neurorestorative Interventions - ScienceDirect Search ScienceDirect Advancements in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Pathogenesis and Novel Neurorestorative Interventions open access Progressive neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) that lack effective disease-modifying treatments, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington’s disease (HD), represent significant global health challenges. In this review, we summarize recent advancements of the pathogenesis of NDs, the cellular and animal models that have provided valuable insights into disease mechanisms, and the development of blood-based biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression. We also highlight emerging neurorestorative therapeutic strategies involving stem cell therapy, antisense oligonucleotides, and induced pluripotent stem cells. For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.
[153] overview of next generation sequencing strategies and genomics tools ... — This study highlights how recent advancements in whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies have transformed tuberculosis (TB) research. NGS strategies have accelerated patient-level investigations and the discovery of drug resistance determinants.
[156] Phylodynamic assessment of SNP distances from whole genome sequencing ... — The global tuberculosis (TB) epidemic is driven by primary transmission. Pathogen genome sequencing is increasingly used in molecular epidemiology and outbreak investigations. Based on contact
[157] Advances in Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disease Research ... — Growing awareness of the limitations of using animals to study human neurological conditions and continuing advancements in human-derived iPSC models, neuroimaging tools, and -omics technologies are driving a paradigm shift in how we study human neurodevelopment, neurodevelopmental disorders, and neurodegenerative disease. These innovative
[158] Editorial: Digital Innovation and Data-Driven Research in ... — With the rapid development, especially in applying innovative machine learning and biomedical signal processing techniques, these novel assessment tools can provide a more efficacious means of evaluating the disease and treatment-related physical and mental changes, thus facilitating the discovery of new treatments to improve the quality of
[178] Editorial: In vivo and in vitro models for research in pathology — Analytical pathology is a critical research field for understanding the behavior of diseases in clinical applications (1, 2).Pathomorphological methods are utilized to examine pathological changes in organs, tissues, or cells of the body, which can aid in exploring the causes, pathogenesis, occurrence, and development of diseases and ultimately making a pathological diagnosis.
[200] Analysis of the three-year work of a digital pathomorphological ... — Digital pathology is a new stage in the development of pathomorphological diagnostics. This topic was most widespread during the COVID-19 pandemic. The advantages of digitization of diagnostics include the possibility of remote work of a pathologist, remote asynchronous consultation, and automation of business processes.
[201] Digital Pathology: Transforming Diagnosis in the Digital Age — This study examines the complex relationship between remote consultations and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted analysis in digital pathology, combining medical expertise and technological advancements . In the current era of extensive technological integration, the convergence of AI and digital pathology has significantly transformed medical diagnostics. The incorporation of AI into the field of digital pathology signifies a significant and transformative advancement in medical diagnostics. As advancements in technology and healthcare intersect, the integration of digital pathology, AI, and the diverse aspects of healthcare hold promise for a future characterized by enhanced diagnostics, elevated patient care, and a society that embraces personalized, informed, and empowered health. Patients must be adequately informed about the implications of their data being used for digital pathology analysis and AI-driven diagnostics.
[202] Advancements in pathology: Digital transformation, precision medicine ... — Advancements in pathology: Digital transformation, precision medicine, and beyond - ScienceDirect Journal of Pathology Informatics Advancements in pathology: Digital transformation, precision medicine, and beyond Pathology, a cornerstone of medical diagnostics and research, is undergoing a revolutionary transformation fueled by digital technology, molecular biology advancements, and big data analytics. Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms with digital pathology improves diagnostic accuracy, particularly in complex diseases like cancer. Telepathology extends diagnostic services to underserved areas through remote digital pathology. Pathomics leverages big data analytics to extract meaningful insights from pathology images, advancing our understanding of disease pathology and therapeutic targets. Digital pathology No articles found. For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.
[203] An update on applications of digital pathology: primary diagnosis; — The application of digital pathology in clinical practice is glazed with several advantages and adopted by pathologists and researchers for clinical, educational and research purposes. Moreover, digital pathology system integration requires an intensive effort from multiple stakeholders.
[210] Laboratory Techniques | IDPB | CDC - Centers for Disease Control and ... — IDPB laboratory techniques. Microscopic evaluation. Pathologists examine samples under a microscope to help determine the characteristics of diseases and infectious agents. Different types of traditional and special histochemical stains help to highlight bacteria, fungi, and other pathogens in tissues.
[211] Advanced Pathology Techniques for Detecting Emerging Infectious Disease ... — Recent advances in molecular biology have revolutionized the practice of medicine, especially in the arena of diagnostic pathology and laboratory medicine [9-11].The practice of pathology has evolved from using morphologic pattern recognition as the main tool to a sophisticated medical subspecialty by applying a wide array of advanced immunologic and molecular techniques on top of the
[212] Pathogen Discovery, Detection, and Diagnostics - Microbial Threats to ... — In fact, cultivation methods have improved considerably over the past several decades with advances in the scope and diversity of media components, control of environmental conditions, use of heterologous host cells, and use of growth-promoting factors (Mukamolova et al., 1998) A number of recently recognized and newly described microbial pathogens have been cultivated successfully in the laboratory, including spirochetes, rickettsia, actinomycetes, and a variety of viruses. Traditional approaches for microbial detection and identification include microbial cultivation, immunological (e.g., antibody-based) assays, and nucleic acid detection schemes—especially amplification methods such as PCR (Tang et al., 1997; Fredricks and Relman, 1999). The principles that are embedded in the use of genome-wide expression patterns for classification and characterization of infectious diseases (see earlier discussion) can be viewed as an important generic feature of future directions in microbial diagnostics and detection.
[214] Bacterial Pathogenesis: Assessment of Intracellular ... - Current Protocols — Here, we describe a fluorescence microscopy-based method to quantitatively assess bacterial intracellular positioning, using Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection of epithelial cells as a model. This experimental approach can be modified to study infection in diverse host cell types, and with a broad array of pathogens.
[215] Virulence Factors in Bacterial Pathogenesis: Key Mechanisms Explained ... — Explore the essential mechanisms bacteria use in pathogenesis, focusing on adhesion, invasion, toxins, immune evasion, and nutrient acquisition. By exploring how bacteria adhere to host tissues, invade cells, produce toxins, evade immune responses, and acquire essential nutrients, we can gain a comprehensive understanding of their pathogenic capabilities. Beyond pili, bacteria utilize afimbrial adhesins, which are surface proteins that directly interact with host cell receptors. Once past the extracellular barriers, bacteria often target host cells directly, using mechanisms that allow them to manipulate cellular processes. Bacteria have developed mechanisms to circumvent host immune defenses, ensuring their survival and proliferation within hostile environments. One strategy involves antigenic variation, where bacteria alter surface proteins to evade detection by the host’s immune system.
[216] Understanding Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors — Definition of Pathogenesis. Pathogenesis refers to the process by which bacteria or microorganisms cause disease in a host. It encompasses the mechanisms through which pathogens invade, survive, and damage host tissues. Understanding pathogenesis is crucial for developing effective treatments and preventive measures against infectious diseases.
[217] Bacterial Virulence: Key Factors in Pathogenicity — The initial step in bacterial infection often involves the ability of bacteria to adhere to host cells. These proteins can recognize and bind to host cell receptors with high specificity, enhancing the bacteria’s ability to remain attached even in the face of host defenses. Some bacteria produce proteins that bind to host immune molecules, effectively blocking their action and preventing the recruitment of additional immune cells to the site of infection. This system enables bacteria to inject effector proteins directly into host cells, manipulating cellular processes to favor bacterial survival. Pathogens like Yersinia pestis, responsible for the plague, use T3SS to disrupt immune cell signaling, effectively dampening the host’s defensive response and facilitating infection.
[219] Key Factors in Bacterial Virulence and Pathogenicity — Adhesion molecules are crucial in the initial stages of bacterial infection, acting as the molecular glue that allows bacteria to attach to host cells. In addition to facilitating attachment, adhesion molecules can trigger host cell responses that benefit the bacteria. These proteins help bacteria invade host tissues, evade immune responses, and acquire nutrients, playing a substantial role in disease progression. The enzyme siderophore is employed by bacteria to scavenge iron from host proteins, ensuring a steady supply of this essential nutrient. Bacteria have evolved a multitude of strategies to evade the host’s immune system, ensuring their survival and facilitating infection. By employing diverse and efficient iron acquisition strategies, bacteria can circumvent the host’s nutritional immunity and sustain their growth and pathogenicity.
[220] Bacterial Pathogenesis - Medical Microbiology - NCBI Bookshelf — Virulence factors help bacteria to (1) invade the host, (2) cause disease, and (3) evade host defenses. The degree of virulence is related directly to the ability of the organism to cause disease despite host resistance mechanisms; it is affected by numerous variables such as the number of infecting bacteria, route of entry into the body, specific and nonspecific host defense mechanisms, and virulence factors of the bacterium. Susceptibility to bacterial infections depends on the physiologic and immunologic condition of the host and on the virulence of the bacteria. Before increased amounts of specific antibodies or T cells are formed in response to invading bacterial pathogens, the “nonspecific” mechanisms of host resistance (such as polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophage clearance) must defend the host against the microbes.
[225] Fatal Attraction: How Bacterial Adhesins Affect Host Signaling and What ... — The multivalent adhesion molecules (MAMs) are a relatively recent class of bacterial adhesins to be described and participate in high affinity binding during the early stages of infection of a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria .
[268] Animal models of neurodegenerative diseases - PubMed — Animal models of adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases have enhanced the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ... Animal models of neurodegenerative diseases Nat Neurosci. 2018 Oct;21(10):1370-1379. doi: 10.1038/s41593-018-0236-8.
[270] Metabolic diseases and healthy aging: identifying environmental and ... — Public health interventions targeting modifiable risk factors can effectively promote healthier lifestyles and prevent metabolic diseases. Collaboration between government agencies, healthcare providers and community organizations is essential for implementing these interventions and creating supportive environments that foster healthy aging.
[272] Environmental Exposures and Metabolic Disorders: Mechanisms ... - MDPI — Dear Colleagues, With the rapid changes in lifestyle taking place in modern society, the incidence of metabolic disorders is increasing year by year, and its increasing prevalence has become a serious public health problem seriously affecting human health and safety worldwide.
[273] A review of environmental metabolism disrupting chemicals and effect ... — The exposome research paradigm has the potential to delineate the impact of environmental exposures on human health, and contribute to the further understanding of human health and disease in the context of how people are exposed and respond to environmental agents and stressors (Louis et al., 2017).However, there are still major challenges toward the full exploitation of exposome research
[274] Challenges in the practical implementation of blood biomarkers for ... — Blood biomarkers have emerged as accessible, cost-effective, and highly promising tools for advancing the diagnostics of Alzheimer's disease. However, transitioning from cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers to blood biomarkers—eg, to verify amyloid β pathology—requires careful consideration. This Series paper highlights the main challenges in the implementation of blood biomarkers for
[275] Blood Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases - PubMed Central (PMC) — Blood-based biomarkers are ideal tools to aid in the differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders in the symptomatic phase. Plasma p-tau concentrations have shown high accuracy for the differentiation between AD and other forms of neurodegenerative diseases at early disease stages.
[294] Gene evolutionary trajectories in Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveal ... — Genetic differences between different Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains determine their ability to transmit within different host populations, their latency times, and their drug resistance profiles. Said differences usually emerge through de novo mutations and are maintained or discarded by the balance of evolutionary forces.
[295] Phylogenetically informative mutations in genes implicated in ... — Background: A comprehensive understanding of the pre-existing genetic variation in genes associated with antibiotic resistance in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) is needed to accurately interpret whole-genome sequencing data for genotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST).
[296] Understanding Mycobacterium tuberculosis through its genomic diversity ... — Understanding Mycobacterium tuberculosis through its genomic diversity and evolution | PLOS Pathogens Analysis of the extant genomes of circulating strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a leading cause of infectious mortality that has co-evolved with humans for thousands of years, can provide new insights into host-pathogen interactions that underlie specific aspects of pathogenesis and onward transmission. tuberculosis lineage-specific variants, transmissibility, and disease outcome, and discuss how investigating distinct M. tuberculosis pathogenesis have been made at the bench using standard lineage 4 laboratory strains, recent studies utilizing strains representing a variety of M. M. tuberculosis strain identity alone does not determine TB infection outcome; the genetic diversity of host populations and a wide variety of environmental factors are among other contributors to disease .
[300] Emerging Gene Therapies for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases: An ... — Gene therapy as a disease-modifying therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), is a promising avenue. Promising results in the preclinical studies involving rodents and nonhuman primates utilizing gene therapy have led to multiple clinical trials evaluating various genes
[301] Recent Developments in New Therapeutic Agents against Alzheimer and ... — 2. Alzheimer's Disease. AD is characterized by a slow and progressive decline in the cognitive functions and dementia, as a consequence of the loss of neurons, deterioration of the neurotransmission systems, and the accumulation of several proteins in the central nervous system (CNS) [].Overall, its pathophysiology features are the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in