• Memory is structured as interacting subsystems with distinct encoding, storage, and retrieval processes, differentiating working/short-term, episodic, and semantic memory through specialized representations and control mechanisms [4], [8], [12], [13], [14], [20].

• Hippocampal and medial temporal structures are central to declarative memory and spatial mapping, as demonstrated by HM-like amnesia, hippocampal cognitive maps, and fornix-related memory disruption across multiple temporal-lobe studies [1], [3], [5], [15], [16], [19].

• Implicit memory and procedural learning can be preserved or dissociated from explicit memory, indicating separate memory systems that support learning without conscious recollection and knowledge-based performance [9], [12], [18].

• Episodic memory encoding and retrieval are strongly shaped by context and cues; encoding specificity influences recall, with narrative structure shaping memory for events and sequences [8], [10], [13].

• Aging and neurochemical factors modulate memory performance, revealing vulnerabilities in senescence and cholinergic system-specific roles in memory function across species [6], [7].