Afro-descendant peoples is a concept designating individuals and communities worldwide whose ancestry originates from Africa, particularly those dispersed through historical processes such as the transatlantic slave trade. As an academic concept and field of study, it investigates the diverse historical trajectories, social structures, cultural expressions, political movements, and contemporary realities of these populations across different regions. Research utilizing this concept examines the enduring legacies of slavery and colonialism, the dynamics of race and identity formation, experiences of marginalization and systemic inequality, processes of resistance and resilience, and contributions to global societies, providing a critical framework for understanding transnational connections and struggles for justice.