Table of Contents
Overview
Definition of Inflammation
Inflammation is defined as a protective immunovascular response that involves various cell types and can be triggered by both external factors, such as infections, and internal factors, such as atherosclerosis.[1.1] This response is essential for survival during infections and tissue injuries, playing a critical role in maintaining normal tissue homeostasis.[2.1] Historically, inflammation was characterized by classic signs and symptoms, including edema, erythema (redness), warmth, pain, and loss of function.[3.1] The term "inflammation" is derived from the Latin word "inflammatio," which means "to ignite or set fire." This concept was likely introduced by the Roman polymath Aulus Cornelius Celsus in the 1st century AD, who identified four cardinal signs of inflammation: redness, swelling, excessive heat, and pain, which are still recognized in modern medical practice today.[16.1] In the 19th century, German physician Rudolf Virchow expanded this list by adding loss of function as a fifth sign.[16.1] Inflammation is a natural part of the body's immune response and plays a vital role in healing; however, chronic inflammation can lead to damaging effects and is associated with various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and certain cancers.[6.1] Acute inflammation typically arises from injury, infection, or exposure to harmful substances, presenting as pain, redness, swelling, heat, and loss of function.[4.1] Acute inflammation typically arises from injury, infection, or exposure to harmful substances, manifesting as pain, redness, swelling, heat, and loss of function.[4.1] Conversely, chronic inflammation may occur without an apparent injury or invader, potentially harming healthy tissues and contributing to a range of chronic diseases.[5.1] Thus, inflammation is a vital yet double-edged aspect of the immune response, necessitating careful management to mitigate its adverse effects while harnessing its healing properties.Types of Inflammation
Inflammation is classified into two primary types: acute and chronic, each with distinct temporal dynamics and mechanisms. Acute inflammation is a short-lived response, typically resolving within hours or days after an injury or infection. It involves the activation of innate immune cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, by inflammatory mediators like interleukins, growth factors, cytokines, and prostaglandins, which facilitate the recruitment of immune cells to the injury site.[41.1][25.1][25.1] In contrast, chronic inflammation is a prolonged response that can persist for months or years, even after the initial trigger has been eliminated.[41.1] This type involves ongoing activation of innate immune cells by adaptive immune responses, leading to excessive tissue damage and contributing to diseases such as asthma, cancer, and autoimmune disorders.[25.1] The pathogenesis of chronic inflammation involves complex molecular pathways, including genetic and genomic factors, driven by continuous inflammatory mediators.[42.1] Resident immune cells, like microglia in the central nervous system, produce pro-inflammatory markers that exacerbate tissue damage.[25.1] Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for addressing inflammation-related diseases, as interactions between immune effector cells and antibodies are integral to resolving inflammation, limiting tissue destruction, preventing autoimmunity, and restoring homeostasis.[23.1][26.1]History
Ancient Perspectives
The concept of inflammation has a long-standing history in medical theory, with its origins traced back to the Roman Aulus Cornelius Celsus, who was active in the 1st century AD. The term "inflammation" is derived from the Latin word "inflammatio," which means to ignite or set fire.[65.1] Celsus is recognized for defining inflammation through four cardinal symptoms: redness, swelling, excessive heat, and pain, a framework that was later adopted by Galenic medicine.[65.1] Celsus, who likely hailed from the south of France, made significant contributions to the understanding of medical concepts, including inflammation, which have influenced medical practices and treatments throughout history.[66.1] In the 18th century, advancements in microscopy allowed for more detailed observations of blood flow changes in inflamed tissues. This period saw the proposal by Gaubius that inflammation could lead to a "disposition to coagulation," further expanding the understanding of the physiological changes associated with inflammation.[67.1] Additionally, John Hunter, a prominent figure in the late 18th century, introduced the term "angiogenesis" in 1794 to describe the formation of new blood vessels during the healing of wounds, highlighting the dynamic nature of inflammation and its role in tissue repair.[67.1] These early interpretations of inflammation by Celsus and Hunter not only influenced contemporary medical practices but also set the stage for future research into the molecular mechanisms underlying inflammation, which continues to be a vital area of study in modern medicine.Evolution of Understanding
The understanding of inflammation has evolved significantly over centuries, marked by key milestones that reflect advancements in medical knowledge and technology. In ancient times, the phenomenon of pus formation was noted in Egyptian papyri from the 2nd millennium B.C., but it was not until the 1st century A.D. that Celsus, a Roman physician, provided a coherent description of inflammation, identifying its classic signs: rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), and dolor (pain).[46.1] This foundational understanding laid the groundwork for future explorations into the nature of inflammatory processes. The 18th century saw further developments, particularly with the advent of the microscope, which allowed for detailed observations of blood flow changes in inflamed tissues. John Hunter, a prominent figure of this era, introduced the term "angiogenesis" in 1794 to describe the formation of new blood vessels in healing wounds, highlighting the relationship between inflammation and tissue repair.[44.1] Hunter's work also emphasized the systemic effects of inflammation, such as fever, which influenced subsequent medical practices.[63.1] The late 19th century marked a pivotal moment in inflammation research with the contributions of scientists like Giulio Bizzozero, who identified large cells capable of engulfing other blood cells during inflammation.[45.1] This period also saw the collaboration of researchers such as Elie Metchnikoff and Jules Bordet, who investigated the immune response and the bactericidal properties of sera, further linking inflammation to immune function.[45.1] In contemporary biology, the association of inflammation with various modern diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cancer, remains an unsolved mystery that is critical to current research.[47.1] Chronic inflammation, as a component of the innate immune response to external stimuli, is recognized as a risk factor that increases the likelihood of cancer development, with tumor-promoting inflammation being considered one of the enabling characteristics of this process.[49.1] Recent studies have highlighted the role of persistent inflammation in exacerbating genomic instability, thereby providing a mechanistic link between inflammation and cancer.[50.1] Furthermore, advancements in understanding inflammatory pathways have led to the identification of crucial signaling pathways, such as NFκB, JAK-STAT, MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, Wnt, and TGF-β, which hold promise for advancing cancer treatment modalities.[50.1] Additionally, inflammasomes, which are signaling platforms that can induce pathological inflammation and tissue damage, have emerged as a new class of drug targets, with small-molecule inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome currently in clinical trials demonstrating their potential as druggable entities.[52.1] Recent advancements in omics technologies, including genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, have significantly enhanced our understanding of severe inflammatory and hyperinflammatory conditions, revealing their prevalence in diseases such as sepsis and severe COVID-19.[51.1] These technologies have facilitated the integration of advanced methods and artificial intelligence in analyzing complex datasets, which is crucial for developing targeted therapies that may revolutionize clinical approaches to hyperinflammation.[51.1] Additionally, dietary patterns, particularly the Mediterranean diet, which is characterized by high consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats, have been associated with a lower risk of inflammation.[60.1] To further amplify the inflammation-fighting effects, incorporating healthy fats, especially omega-3 fatty acids from sources like salmon, walnuts, and chia seeds, is recommended.[62.1] Emerging research indicates that specific food choices can help combat chronic inflammation, suggesting that a diet rich in anti-inflammatory foods offers substantial health benefits.[61.1] Therefore, a multifaceted approach that integrates technological advancements and dietary strategies is essential for effectively addressing chronic inflammation.Mechanisms Of Inflammation
Acute Inflammation
Acute inflammation is a fundamental physiological response initiated by the immune system in reaction to various stimuli, including pathogens and tissue injury. This process is characterized by the activation of a highly complex and evolutionarily optimized defense system that encompasses both cellular and humoral components.[90.1] Central to the acute inflammatory response are innate immune sensors, particularly Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs). These receptors play a crucial role in the immediate detection of harmful pathogens and the body's own cells, thereby facilitating a swift immune response. Upon activation, TLRs and NLRs trigger the recruitment of innate immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, which are essential for combating infection and initiating tissue repair processes.[106.1] The activation of these immune sensors not only leads to the recruitment of immune cells but also orchestrates the overall inflammatory response, ensuring that the body can effectively address and resolve the underlying causes of inflammation. This intricate interplay between immune detection and cellular response is vital for maintaining homeostasis and promoting healing following injury or infection.[106.1]Chronic Inflammation
Chronic inflammation is characterized by a prolonged inflammatory response that can arise when the body fails to eliminate the initial cause of inflammation or due to an autoimmune reaction. Unlike acute inflammation, which has a rapid onset and short duration, chronic inflammation involves distinct mechanisms and immune responses. The acute inflammation process is initiated by immune cells that are already present in the affected tissue, while chronic inflammation aims to limit and remove agents that cannot be eliminated by the acute response. Furthermore, acute and chronic inflammation exhibit different symptoms and recruit varying concentrations of inflammatory cells and proteins, such as interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, and C-reactive protein. This differentiation enables medical providers to determine whether acute or chronic inflammation is present.[97.1] Understanding these differences is essential, as chronic inflammation can lead to significant tissue damage over time, highlighting the importance of effective treatment strategies.[97.1] Chronic inflammation is a prolonged immune response that differs significantly from acute inflammation, which is characterized by immediate reactions such as redness, warmth, swelling, and pain in response to injury.[100.1] Acute inflammation is initiated by immune cells that are already present in the affected tissue, while chronic inflammation involves the persistent presence of immune cells, including macrophages and lymphocytes, that aim to address agents that cannot be eliminated by the acute response.[100.1] Inflammatory processes lead to the release of various mediators, including interleukins, growth factors, cytokines, and prostaglandins, which activate signaling pathways and recruit additional immune cells to the site of injury.[89.1] This ongoing immune activity can contribute to tissue damage and repair cycles, potentially resulting in various chronic conditions, including asthma, cancer, and autoimmune diseases.[89.1] Understanding the mechanisms of inflammation is essential for developing effective treatment strategies for these related diseases.[89.1] Chronic inflammation is influenced by various factors, including dietary choices and lifestyle habits. Research indicates that individuals consuming larger quantities of pro-inflammatory foods are at a heightened risk for cardiovascular disease, suggesting a significant link between diet and inflammation.[91.1] While there is no single anti-inflammatory diet, experts recommend overall healthy eating patterns that incorporate foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, polyphenols, and fiber, which can help reduce inflammation and improve health outcomes.[94.1] Specifically, high-fiber plant-based dietary interventions have been shown to be effective in managing chronic inflammatory diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and autoimmune disorders, by enhancing gut microbiome diversity and promoting beneficial bacteria.[92.1] The Mediterranean diet, characterized by its emphasis on whole foods and omega-3 fatty acids, is noted for its anti-inflammatory properties, highlighting the importance of personalized dietary approaches to mitigate inflammation.[94.1] Thus, adopting a holistic dietary pattern can play a crucial role in lowering the risk of inflammatory diseases and improving overall health.[93.1] Chronic inflammation is a complex process influenced by various lifestyle factors, including diet and exercise. Recent studies have shown that dietary interventions, particularly high-fiber plant-based diets, are effective in reducing disease-specific outcomes in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and autoimmune disorders. These interventions not only enhance microbiome diversity but also promote the growth of beneficial short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, which are crucial for mitigating inflammation.[92.1] Additionally, exercise has been found to play a significant role in blunting inflammatory responses. Specifically, muscle inflammation resulting from physical exertion can mobilize inflammation-countering T cells, known as Tregs, which enhance muscle energy utilization and improve overall endurance.[95.1] Furthermore, exercise can reduce perivascular adipose tissue, thereby further diminishing inflammatory responses, particularly in obese individuals engaging in both strength and aerobic activities.[96.1] These findings underscore the importance of integrating dietary and exercise strategies into public health initiatives aimed at reducing chronic inflammation and promoting overall health.Recent Advancements
Therapeutic Approaches
Chronic stress and inflammation are intricately linked, significantly impacting mental health and contributing to various stress-related diseases. Therapeutic approaches to mitigate these effects often focus on understanding the underlying mechanisms of this relationship. Chronic psychological stress is a major trigger of inflammation, which can suppress the immune system and lead to various health issues, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions such as depression and Alzheimer's disease.[138.1] Research in psychoneuroimmunology highlights the connections between psychological processes, the nervous system, and immune function, providing insights into how chronic inflammation influences mood and mental health.[140.1] Chronic low-level inflammation is recognized as a contributor to depression, often initiated by chronic stress.[139.1] Furthermore, prolonged stress can exacerbate inflammation by disrupting the immune and neuroendocrine systems, leading to heightened production of inflammatory cytokines.[136.1] To address these challenges, therapeutic strategies may include lifestyle modifications such as exercise, which has been shown to stimulate pathways that regulate the toxic effects of chronic stress on the brain.[141.1] Additionally, nutritional interventions targeting inflammation may also play a role in improving mental health outcomes.[139.1] Overall, a multifaceted approach that combines psychological, physiological, and nutritional strategies is essential for effectively managing the interplay between chronic stress and inflammation.Precision Medicine in Inflammation Treatment
Recent advancements in inflammation research have revealed that inflammation plays a dual role in chronic diseases, acting not only as a byproduct but also as a mechanistic contributor to the etiology and pharmacoprevention of conditions such as atherosclerosis.[144.1] Chronic inflammation is characterized by prolonged inflammation lasting several months to years, and it is a significant factor in the pathophysiology of various chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and neurodegenerative disorders.[145.1] The hallmark of chronic inflammation includes the infiltration of primary inflammatory cells, such as macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells, which produce inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, thereby contributing to tissue damage and complications such as fibrosis and granuloma formation.[145.1] Understanding the role of inflammation in these processes underscores the importance of targeting inflammation in treatment strategies, particularly through precision medicine approaches that consider its critical role in disease progression.[144.1] Recent studies have explored the differentiation between acute and chronic inflammation, suggesting that these two forms may have distinct underlying causes. This insight could pave the way for more effective treatment strategies tailored to the specific inflammatory processes involved in different diseases.[142.1] For instance, advancements in omics technologies—such as genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics—are enhancing the understanding of severe inflammatory conditions and enabling the development of targeted therapies.[143.1] These technologies facilitate the analysis of complex datasets, which can lead to personalized treatment plans that address the unique inflammatory profiles of individual patients. Precision medicine in the treatment of inflammation increasingly emphasizes the significance of omega-3 fatty acids as precursors for lipid signaling molecules known as oxylipins, which play a crucial role in modulating inflammatory processes.[148.1] Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have demonstrated notable anti-inflammatory properties, while omega-6 fatty acids are associated with pro-inflammatory effects. The balance between these two types of fatty acids is essential for maintaining healthy nutrition and modulating inflammation and immunity.[151.1] Despite their benefits in managing autoimmune disorders and inflammatory diseases, omega-3 fatty acids are generally underrepresented in the American diet.[148.1] Understanding the nutritional and metabolic aspects of both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids can provide insights into their roles in inflammatory processes.[152.1] This knowledge is vital for developing dietary recommendations aimed at mitigating chronic inflammation and improving overall health outcomes.In this section:
Implications Of Inflammation
Role in Disease Development
Inflammation plays a critical role in the development of various diseases, particularly when it becomes chronic. Chronic inflammation is characterized by a prolonged immune response that can persist for months or even years, leading to detrimental effects on tissues and organs. This state of inflammation is associated with the progression of numerous diseases, including autoimmune disorders, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases.[102.1] Chronic inflammation is increasingly recognized as a central pathway in the development of various diseases, particularly in the context of age-related conditions. This persistent inflammatory state is often characterized by dysregulation of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which can lead to an abnormal inflammatory response implicated in numerous health issues, including autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Crohn's disease.[209.1] Inflammatory cytokines, secreted by immune cells like helper T cells, play a crucial role in initiating and regulating the inflammatory response, as well as mediating the host defense against pathogens.[196.1] The prevalence of chronic low-grade inflammation in modern society is exacerbated by unhealthy lifestyle choices and environmental factors, contributing to the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer, where it can influence tumor initiation, proliferation, and progression.[208.1] As age increases, the chronic inflammatory state becomes more pronounced, with the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the immune system often failing to adequately resolve the inflammatory response.[198.1] This dysregulation underscores the significance of chronic inflammation as a critical factor in the development of a wide range of health conditions.[209.1] Moreover, chronic inflammation can lead to tissue damage and fibrosis, further complicating the health of affected individuals. The infiltration of inflammatory cells into tissues results in the production of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, which can exacerbate tissue injury and promote disease progression.[102.1] This cycle of inflammation and tissue damage is particularly evident in autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues, leading to conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.[209.1]Impact on Healing Processes
Inflammation plays a critical role in the body's healing processes, serving as a natural response to injury and infection. However, chronic inflammation can have detrimental effects on health and healing. Chronic stress, poor sleep, and a sedentary lifestyle are significant contributors to increased inflammatory markers, which can hinder the healing process.[180.1] Dietary choices play a crucial role in influencing inflammation levels and, consequently, the healing processes in the body. An anti-inflammatory diet, such as the Mediterranean diet, is particularly beneficial due to its emphasis on whole foods and omega-3 fatty acids, which have been shown to suppress inflammation.[193.1] Foods that are known to reduce inflammation include fatty fish like salmon and mackerel, which are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, as well as almonds and blueberries, which provide healthy fats and antioxidants, respectively.[192.1] Additionally, many foods that are detrimental to health, such as refined carbohydrates, red meat, and processed meats, can exacerbate inflammation and hinder recovery.[194.1] To effectively manage inflammation, it is essential to focus on whole foods that contain beneficial nutrients, as most anti-inflammatory foods fall into categories such as fruits, leafy greens, and nuts.[195.1] In addition to dietary changes, managing stress through techniques such as meditation and yoga can positively impact inflammation levels, thereby enhancing the healing process.[183.1] Staying hydrated is also crucial, as dehydration can negatively affect organ function and overall health, further complicating healing.[182.1]Inflammation And The Immune System
Innate Immune Response
The innate immune response plays a vital role in addressing infections and tissue injuries. This response is primarily characterized by inflammation, which is the immune system's reaction to various irritants, including infections like viruses and physical injuries such as sprains.[218.1] Inflammation serves as a fundamental mechanism through which the body responds to harmful stimuli, effectively combating both infectious agents and tissue damage.[218.1] Innate immune cells, including macrophages, fibroblasts, mast cells, and dendritic cells, are strategically located in tissues and are essential for recognizing pathogen invasion or cellular damage.[218.1] Additionally, circulating leukocytes, such as monocytes and neutrophils, complement the actions of tissue-resident cells, enhancing the overall immune response.[218.1] The innate immune response is essential for controlling pathogens and shaping subsequent adaptive immune responses. Inflammation plays a critical role in this process by alerting the immune system to the presence of foreign pathogens, thereby facilitating pathogen eradication and the restoration of tissue homeostasis.[217.1] The acute inflammatory response is a highly coordinated and synergistic program that involves the distinct actions of multiple cell types, which are crucial for effective tissue repair following injury or infection.[226.1] Macrophages, as tissue-resident innate immune cells, are particularly important in modulating inflammation, playing key roles in both the initiation and resolution phases of the immune response.[225.1] It is vital that inflammation is tightly regulated; when this regulation is lost, chronic inflammation can develop, which is likely to be detrimental to the host.[220.1] The resolution of inflammation is a critical aspect of the immune response, as it involves the active clearance of the pathogenic stimulus and the catabolism of pro-inflammatory mediators.[224.1] Inflammation is a pathophysiological response to infection or tissue damage, initiated by tissue-resident cells of the innate immune system that detect the damaging insult and subsequently activate circulating neutrophils.[227.1] Chronic inflammation, which is characterized by prolonged duration lasting several months to years, is associated with various diseases, including heart disease, arthritis, diabetes, and cancer.[235.1] This type of inflammation is marked by the infiltration of primary inflammatory cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes, which produce inflammatory cytokines and contribute to tissue damage and repair processes.[235.1] The failure to properly resolve inflammation can lead to chronic inflammatory conditions that pose significant threats to overall health.[235.1]Adaptive Immune Response
The adaptive immune response is significantly influenced by inflammatory processes, particularly in the context of autoimmune diseases (AIDs). Inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AIDs, where inflammatory mediators, such as inflammasomes, affect both innate cells (like macrophages) and adaptive cells (including T and B cells). This interaction ultimately promotes the occurrence of autoimmune responses, making the targeting of inflammatory mediators and pathways a promising treatment strategy for AIDs.[247.1] Recent research has highlighted the importance of T cell immune responses, specifically the roles of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, in the inflammation associated with autoimmune diseases. Abnormalities in these T cell responses have been shown to contribute significantly to the inflammatory processes that characterize these conditions. Furthermore, regulatory B cells (Bregs) have emerged as critical players in restraining inflammation by suppressing the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 immune responses, thereby providing potential therapeutic avenues for managing autoimmune diseases.[248.1] In addition to T and B cell interactions, the regulation of inflammatory responses is also being explored through novel therapeutic approaches. For instance, increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10, from macrophages can help suppress overactive immune responses. Research has focused on designing non-aggregated alginate-based nanoparticles that selectively target macrophages for the delivery of plasmids encoding IL-10, which could enhance the regulation of inflammation.[243.1] Moreover, a recent discovery regarding the complement system has revealed a novel mechanism by which this defense system can misfire, leading to tissue damage. The protein granzyme K (GZMK) has been identified as a key player in this process, suggesting that targeting this pathway may have important clinical implications for treating inflammatory conditions.[244.1]Inflammation In Specific Conditions
Inflammatory Diseases
Chronic inflammation is a significant contributor to a variety of diseases, including gastrointestinal disorders, thyroid conditions, various cancers, psychiatric disorders, rheumatologic diseases, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and age-related diseases such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis.[257.1] This prolonged inflammatory response, often referred to as chronic inflammation, can last for several months to years and is characterized by the infiltration of primary inflammatory cells, such as macrophages and lymphocytes, which produce inflammatory cytokines and growth factors that contribute to tissue damage and repair processes, including fibrosis.[259.1] The role of inflammation extends beyond traditionally recognized inflammatory diseases; it is also implicated in conditions not typically viewed as inflammatory, such as neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. In these cases, inflammatory processes can promote tumor development, with elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) being associated with poorer survival outcomes in cancer patients.[258.1] Aging is a critical risk factor for cancer, with systemic, age-related chronic inflammation—termed inflamm-aging—serving as an underlying etiological factor.[258.1] Lifestyle factors, such as smoking and obesity, further exacerbate chronic inflammation. Cigarette smoke stimulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines while reducing anti-inflammatory responses, leading to diseases such as cancer and chronic lung disorders.[260.1] Similarly, obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, driven by immune cell activation and cytokine production, which contributes to insulin resistance and related metabolic diseases.[260.1] Dietary components also play a crucial role in modulating inflammation. Omega-3 fatty acids, for instance, have demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties and are beneficial in managing inflammatory diseases and heart disease.[150.1] The balance between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids is vital for maintaining healthy inflammatory responses, as omega-6 fatty acids tend to promote inflammation.[151.1] Moreover, chronic inflammation has been linked to mental health issues, including depression and cognitive decline. Persistent inflammation can disrupt brain chemistry and neurotransmitter function, potentially exacerbating mood disorders.[269.1] Anti-inflammatory dietary choices and lifestyle modifications are recommended to mitigate inflammation and improve both mental and physical health outcomes.[268.1]Role in Non-Communicable Diseases
Chronic inflammation has been increasingly recognized as a significant factor in the pathophysiology of various non-communicable diseases, particularly mental health disorders. Recent research has established a robust link between chronic inflammation and conditions such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A meta-analysis indicated that individuals with these mental health issues exhibited higher levels of inflammatory markers, suggesting that inflammation may exacerbate or contribute to the onset of these conditions.[266.1] The inflammation hypothesis of depression posits that chronic inflammation is a critical component in the development of common mental disorders. This hypothesis is bolstered by various lines of evidence, including experiments involving inflammatory stimuli, clinical trials of antidepressants, and genetic studies related to depression and immune response.[267.1] These findings underscore the importance of understanding the role of inflammation not only in physical health but also in mental health, highlighting the need for integrated approaches to treatment that address both inflammatory processes and psychological well-being.References
[1] Inflammation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics — Inflammation—A Short Overview. The term inflammation covers immune-related processes within the body. Inflammation is a protective immunovascular response involving many different cell types and may be activated through external (e.g., an infection) and internal causes (e.g., atherosclerosis).
[2] An overview of inflammation: mechanism and consequences — Inflammation is an essential response provided by the immune systems that ensures the survival during infection and tissue injury. Inflammatory responses are essential for the maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis. The molecular mechanism of inflammation is quite a complicated process which is initiated by the recognition of specific molecular patterns associated with either infection or
[3] Pathology, Inflammation - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf — Inflammation is an ancient medical term initially referring to classic signs and symptoms, including edema, erythema (redness), warmness, pain, and loss of function (stiffness and immobility). Currently, inflammation is recognized as a set of changing responses to tissue injury primarily caused by factors such as toxic chemicals, environmental agents, trauma, overuse, or infection. Some of
[4] Inflammation: Types, symptoms, causes, and treatment - Medical News Today — Inflammation: Types, symptoms, causes, and treatment Inflammation plays a vital role in healing, but chronic inflammation may increase the risk of various diseases, including some cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, periodontitis, and hay fever. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) will not remove the cause of inflammation, but they can help relieve pain, swelling, fever, and other symptoms. Acute inflammation is triggered by injury, infection, or exposure to substances, and presents itself as pain, redness, swelling, loss of function, and heat. Treatments for both acute and chronic inflammation include NSAIDs, pain relief, corticosteroids, and immune-suppressing drugs. What is an inflammation? Medically reviewed by Katherine Marengo LDN, R.D. Research has linked sugar with chronic inflammation and a range of health conditions.
[5] What Is Inflammation? Types, Causes & Treatment - Cleveland Clinic — What Is Inflammation? Inflammation Inflammation Inflammation is a normal part of your body’s response to injuries and invaders (like germs). But inflammation that happens when there’s no injury or invader can harm healthy parts of your body and cause a range of chronic diseases. What is inflammation? Inflammation is your body’s response to an illness, injury or something that doesn’t belong in your body (like germs or toxic chemicals). Chronic inflammation What causes inflammation? If you have chronic inflammation, your provider may recommend: Following an anti-inflammatory diet can help reduce and prevent inflammation in your body. Some inflammation-causing foods include: Talk to your healthcare provider about your risk for chronic inflammation and how to manage any existing conditions.
[6] What to Know About Inflammation - Healthline — Inflammation is a natural part of your body's immune response. However, long-term or chronic inflammation can lead to damaging effects and is associated with some autoimmune disorders.
[16] Inflammation - The Lancet — Few concepts in medical theory have been so enduring as this one. The word, from the Latin iflammatio, to ignite or set fire, was probably introduced by the Roman Aulus Cornelius Celsus in the 1st century AD. Galenic medicine adopted the term, defining it according to four symptoms: redness, swelling, excessive heat, and pain. Traditionally, inflammation was explained as resulting from an
[23] PDF — During acute inflammation, innate immune cells form the first line of immune defense and regulate activation of adaptive immune responses. By contrast, during chronic inflammation, these roles can be reversed — adaptive immune responses can cause ongoing and excessive activation of innate immune cells.
[25] Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs — Keywords: inflammation, inflammatory signaling pathways, chemokines, cytokines, organ diseases Inflammation-mediated immune cell alterations are associated with many diseases, including asthma, cancer, chronic inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and autoimmune and degenerative diseases. Damaged tissues locally release inflammatory interleukins, growth factors, cytokines, and prostaglandins, which activate signaling pathways and recruit immune cells (e.g. neutrophils and macrophages) to the site of injury. Inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, are the primary mediators of inflammation-related reproductive tract diseases, and act via signal transduction pathways such as the MAPK pathway . Inflammation-associated CNS diseases result from activation of the brain's resident immune cells and microglia, which produce pro-inflammatory markers .
[26] Immune cell-antibody interactions in health and disease - PMC — Immune effector cells and their interactions with antibodies are integral components of natural immune surveillance and clearance of pathogens .However, these interactions also support the resolution phase of inflammation to limit the destruction of healthy tissue, prevent autoimmunity, and restore homeostasis.
[41] Signaling Pathways in Acute and Chronic Inflammation — Inflammation can be either short-lived (acute) or long-lasting (chronic). Acute inflammation disappears within hours or days. Chronic inflammation can last months or years, even after the first trigger is gone. A growing number of molecules have been suggested to contribute to the development of acute and chronic inflammation.
[42] Molecular biology of acute and chronic inflammation — The pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammation includes complex molecular pathways involving several genes, genetic/genomic polymorphisms, peptides, and many other molecules. ... This is aided by exploration of new targets in signaling and transcriptional pathways that drive chronic inflammation. These new targets could become the focus of
[44] Historical Perspectives — Historical Perspectives - Inflammation and the Microcirculation - NCBI Bookshelf Eighteenth-century applications of the microscope lead to descriptions of blood flow changes in inflamed tissue and the proposal by Gaubius that inflammation can promote the “disposition to coagulation.” In 1794, John Hunter first used the term angiogenesis to describe the development of growing blood vessels in healing wounds. The development of gene-targeted knock-out mice for different inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors, as well as leukocyte and endothelial cell adhesion molecules have proven to be immensely useful in the dissection of molecular mechanisms of inflammation in vivo. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53379/ Making content easier to read in Bookshelf Close
[45] Once upon a time, inflammation - PMC - PubMed Central (PMC) — However, it was described for the first time by Giulio Bizzozero in 1871-1872, studying eye inflammation: “In summary, my observation showed the presence of big cells able to engulf white blood supurative cells or red blood cells in their contractile protoplams. Nikolai Fedorovich Gamaleïa (1859-1949), who worked in Odessa and Moscow, spent some time with Metchnikoff at the Institut Pasteur and reported that an injection of dead bacteria could induce fever in rabbits and sheep. Once Jules Bordet (1870-1961) had joined the laboratory of Elie Metchnikoff in 1894, he started to investigate the bactericidal properties of the sera, and reported similarities with the process of hemolysis by anti-red blood cells antisera .
[46] A Brief History of Inflammation | SpringerLink — Though there are records of pus formation in Egyptian papyri dating from the 2nd millenium B.C. (Encyclopaedia Britannica 1970), the first coherent description of the phenomenon was presented by Celsus, a Roman physician of the 1 st century A.D., who described the classic signs of inflammation: rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), with calor (heat) and dolor (pain).
[47] Evolution of inflammatory diseases - PubMed — The association of inflammation with modern human diseases (e.g. obesity, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancer) remains an unsolved mystery of current biology and medicine. ... We discuss unique aspects of the inflammatory response and its evolutionary history that can help explain the association between inflammation and
[49] Inflammation in cancer: therapeutic opportunities from new insights — As one part of the innate immune response to external stimuli, chronic inflammation increases the risk of various cancers, and tumor-promoting inflammation is considered one of the enabling characteristics of cancer development. Recently, there has been growing evidence on the role of anti-inflammation therapy in cancer prevention and treatment. And researchers have already achieved several
[50] Chronic Inflammation and Cancer: Key Pathways and Targeted Therapies — The persistent inflammation exacerbates genomic instability, providing a mechanistic link between inflammation and cancer. Targeting crucial inflammatory pathways such as NFκB, JAK-STAT, MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, Wnt and TGF-β, holds promise for advancing cancer treatment modalities. Hence, understanding the key signalling pathways will highlight
[51] From rare to more common: The emerging role of omics in improving ... — From rare to more common: The emerging role of omics in improving understanding and treatment of severe inflammatory and hyperinflammatory conditions. From rare to more common: The emerging role of omics in improving understanding and treatment of severe inflammatory and hyperinflammatory conditions. In medicine, hyperinflammation is defined as severe, deleterious, fluctuating, systemic or local inflammation with presence of a cytokine storm. However, advances in omics technologies, including genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, have revealed it to be more common, occurring in sepsis and severe COVID-19. We also discuss the integration of advanced technologies, multiomics approaches and artificial intelligence (AI), in analyzing complex datasets to develop targeted therapies, and their potential for revolutionizing clinical aspects of hyperinflammation. SCoPE-MS - Single-Cell Proteomics by Mass Spectrometry
[52] Inflammasome components as new therapeutic targets in inflammatory ... — Inflammasomes are signalling platforms that can induce pathological inflammation and tissue damage, having potential as an exciting new class of drug targets. Small-molecule inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome that are now in clinical trials have demonstrated proof of concept that inflammasomes are druggable, and so drug development programmes
[60] Want to reduce chronic inflammation? Start with your grocery list — Another way to combine anti-inflammatory benefits is with the Mediterranean diet, which is typically high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, olive oil and plant-based proteins and low in red meat. Food isn't the only way to reduce inflammation in the body.
[61] Foods that Fight Inflammation - Harvard Health — Fact: Certain dietary patterns are linked to a lower risk of inflammation. Beyond that, emerging research suggests specific food choices may further help fight and reduce chronic inflammation. In short, available evidence suggests that consuming more foods that appear to fight inflammation offers benefits for your health.
[62] 7-Day Anti-Inflammatory, High-Protein Meal Plan for Spring — To amplify the inflammation-fighting effects, we've added healthy fats, particularly omega-3 fatty acids, sourced from foods like salmon, walnuts and chia seeds. Studies show that regularly eating anti-inflammatory foods helps to reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.
[63] Inflammation: John Hunter's "A treatise on the blood, inflammation and ... — As well as the local effect of inflammation, Hunter was concerned with the constitutional effects such as fever. Full text. ... Turk JL, Allen E. The influence of John Hunter's inoculation practice on Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccination against smallpox. J R Soc Med. 1990 Apr; 83 (4):266-267.
[65] Inflammation - The Lancet — Few concepts in medical theory have been so enduring as this one. The word, from the Latin iflammatio, to ignite or set fire, was probably introduced by the Roman Aulus Cornelius Celsus in the 1st century AD. Galenic medicine adopted the term, defining it according to four symptoms: redness, swelling, excessive heat, and pain. Traditionally, inflammation was explained as resulting from an
[66] Celsus and his influence on Medicine and Surgery - Clinical Anatomy — This article is part of the series "A Moment in History" where we honor those who have contributed to the growth of medical knowledge in the areas of anatomy, medicine, surgery, and medical research.Celsus and Title Page De Medicina Libri Octo" Click on the image for a larger version. Aulus Cornelius Celsus (25 BC - 45 AD) was Roman, probably born in the south of France.
[67] Historical Perspectives - Inflammation and the Microcirculation - NCBI ... — Historical Perspectives - Inflammation and the Microcirculation - NCBI Bookshelf Eighteenth-century applications of the microscope lead to descriptions of blood flow changes in inflamed tissue and the proposal by Gaubius that inflammation can promote the “disposition to coagulation.” In 1794, John Hunter first used the term angiogenesis to describe the development of growing blood vessels in healing wounds. The development of gene-targeted knock-out mice for different inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors, as well as leukocyte and endothelial cell adhesion molecules have proven to be immensely useful in the dissection of molecular mechanisms of inflammation in vivo. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53379/ Making content easier to read in Bookshelf Close
[89] Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs — Keywords: inflammation, inflammatory signaling pathways, chemokines, cytokines, organ diseases Inflammation-mediated immune cell alterations are associated with many diseases, including asthma, cancer, chronic inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and autoimmune and degenerative diseases. Damaged tissues locally release inflammatory interleukins, growth factors, cytokines, and prostaglandins, which activate signaling pathways and recruit immune cells (e.g. neutrophils and macrophages) to the site of injury. Inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, are the primary mediators of inflammation-related reproductive tract diseases, and act via signal transduction pathways such as the MAPK pathway . Inflammation-associated CNS diseases result from activation of the brain's resident immune cells and microglia, which produce pro-inflammatory markers .
[90] [Pathophysiology of inflammation] - PubMed — Inflammation results from activation of the immune system in response to a broad range of different stimuli. The immune system is a highly complex and evolutionary optimized defense system with cellular and humoral components. ... [Pathophysiology of inflammation] Nuklearmedizin. 2016;55(1):1-6. [Article in German] Authors C-O Sahlmann, P
[91] Do pro-inflammatory diets harm our health? And can anti-inflammatory ... — Researchers found that people who ate larger quantities of pro-inflammatory foods had a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Understanding the link between diet and inflammation may help identify specific dietary patterns and foods than can diminish chronic inflammation and improve health.
[92] The Effect of Dietary Interventions on Chronic Inflammatory Diseases in ... — Included were clinical trials which performed a dietary intervention with a whole diet change or fiber supplement (>5 g/day) and investigated the gut microbiome in patients diagnosed with chronic inflammatory diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)). Overall, but most pronounced in patients with T2DM, high-fiber plant-based dietary interventions were consistently more effective at reducing disease-specific outcomes and pathogenic bacteria, as well as increasing microbiome alpha diversity and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, compared to other diets and fiber supplements.
[93] Anti Inflammatory Diet - Johns Hopkins Medicine — What foods cause inflammation? While there isn’t one specific anti-inflammatory diet, experts say overall healthy eating patterns can help you get rid of inflammation and stay healthier. In particular, they recommend some food types that can help bring inflammation down: Polyphenols are naturally occurring compounds in these foods that protect the body from inflammation. It emphasizes omega-3s, vitamin C, polyphenols, fiber-rich foods and other known inflammation fighters. It can seem challenging at first to eat for lower inflammation with so many inflammatory foods commercially available, but over time, small changes can turn into lasting habits. While no one food reduces inflammation, building a healthy, holistic dietary pattern can help lower your risk of inflammatory disease and transform your health.
[94] Anti-Inflammatory Diet: What To Eat (and Avoid) — Zumpano explains the health benefits of an anti-inflammatory diet, as well as where to start, what to stop eating and how to tell if it’s working. “An anti-inflammatory diet is one that includes minimally processed foods,” Zumpano says. “The Mediterranean diet has been shown to be anti-inflammatory because of its focus on whole foods and omega-3 fatty acids,” Zumpano says. “Eating a plant-based diet can help suppress inflammation,” Zumpano says, “but vegetarian, pescatarian and even vegan diets can still include foods like potato chips, fries and cookies. “Finding the right anti-inflammatory diet for you is a matter of personalization and finding the foods that trigger your inflammation,” Zumpano explains.
[95] New study explains how exercise reduces chronic inflammation — Now, a new Harvard Medical School study published Friday in Science Immunology may offer a molecular explanation behind this century-old observation. The study, done in mice, suggests that the beneficial effects of exercise may be driven, at least partly, by the immune system. It shows that muscle inflammation caused by exertion mobilizes inflammation-countering T cells, or Tregs, which enhance the muscles’ ability to use energy as fuel and improve overall exercise endurance. However, the study is an important step toward detailing the cellular and molecular changes that occur during exercise and confer health benefits.
[96] Exercise and inflammation - ScienceDirect — Potentially, the effects of exercise to reduce inflammation may expand on such tissues, thereby blunting inflammatory responses (Fig. 1). Indeed, in the absence of weight loss, exercise can reduce perivascular adipose tissue; it can also blunt inflammatory responses from this tissue in obese people engaging in strength and aerobic exercise .
[97] Acute vs. Chronic Inflammation: What Are the Differences? — Acute vs. Chronic Inflammation Diagnosis. Acute and chronic inflammation exhibit different symptoms and recruit different concentrations of inflammatory cells and proteins, such as interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, and C-reactive protein. This enables medical providers to establish whether acute or chronic inflammation is present.
[100] Understanding acute and chronic inflammation - Harvard Health — There are two types of inflammation: acute and chronic. People are most familiar with acute inflammation. This is the redness, warmth, swelling, and pain around tissues and joints that occurs in response to an injury, like when you cut yourself. When the body is injured, your immune system releases white blood cells to surround and protect the
[102] Chronic Inflammation - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf — Continuing Education Activity Chronic inflammation is also referred to as slow, long-term inflammation lasting several months to years. Chronic Inflammation Chronic inflammation is also referred to as slow, long-term inflammation lasting for prolonged periods of several months to years. Epidemiology Chronic inflammatory diseases are the most significant cause of death in the world. Thus the hallmarks of chronic inflammation are the infiltration of the primary inflammatory cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells in the tissue site, producing inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, enzymes and hence contributing to the progression of tissue damage and secondary repair including fibrosis and granuloma formation, etc. Complications Although chronic inflammation progresses silently, it is the cause of most chronic diseases and presents a major threat to the health and longevity of individuals.
[106] Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) in ... — Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) are two major forms of innate immune sensors, which provide immediate responses against pathogenic invasion or tissue injury. Activation of these sensors induces the recruitment of innate immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils, initiates tissue repair processes, and results in
[136] Understanding the Link between Stress and Inflammation — What exacerbates chronic stress and inflammation? Several factors contribute to prolonged stress and worsen inflammation by disrupting the immune and neuroendocrine systems. Persistent physiological stressors trigger excessive stress reactivity, leading to heightened production of inflammatory cytokines and weakening the body's regulatory mechanisms (Zhang et al., 2023). Individuals with low
[138] How Chronic Stress and Inflammation Affect Mental Health — Over time, chronic inflammation can affect various organs, such as the gastrointestinal system and the brain, and impact mental health. How Chronic Stress and Inflammation Affect Mental Health. Chronic psychological stress is a major trigger of inflammation. Chronic stress suppresses the immune system and taxes the adrenal glands, leading to
[139] The Neglected Link Between Inflammation and Mental Health — One key nutritional factor that can impact mental health is inflammation. ... Chronic low-level inflammation is a known contributor to depression, which often begins with chronic stress.
[140] Chronic Inflammation's Impact on Mental Health: A Deep Dive into the ... — Psychoneuroimmunology examines the intricate connections between psychological processes, the nervous system, and immune function. This field provides valuable insights into how chronic inflammation influences mood and mental health. Inflammation and Stress-Related Disorders. Chronic inflammation plays a significant role in stress-related
[141] The effects of chronic stress on health: new insights into the ... — Collection date 2015 Nov. Keywords: : atherosclerosis, brain, chronic stress, depression, immune system To clarify this assumption and identify the biochemical pathways significantly impaired by chronic stress to the extent of producing illness, researchers have on one hand searched for putative morphological tissue alterations associated with stress, and on the other analyzed the molecular mechanisms of action of the main stress hormones. In general, the consequences of these alterations in a brain region can expand to other functionally connected areas, and potentially cause those cognitive, emotional and behavioral dysfunctions that are commonly associated with chronic stress, and that may increase vulnerability to psychiatric disorders. Similarly, the scientists found that exercise training stimulates the PGC-1α1-KAT pathway also in humans, and through this mechanism, potentially regulates those Kyn-dependent toxic effects in the brain that contribute to chronic stress-associated depression.
[142] New research on chronic inflammation explores potential treatments for ... — New research on chronic inflammation explores potential treatments for chronic diseases and cancer | ScienceDaily New research on chronic inflammation explores potential treatments for chronic diseases and cancer A recently published study led by Wayne State University on a new approach to understanding chronic inflammation could lead to new advancements in the treatment of many debilitating medical conditions, including cancer. Maddipati believes that looking at acute inflammation and chronic inflammation as having two separate causes could lead to vastly different, and potentially more effective, treatments for a variety of diseases, including cancer. "New research on chronic inflammation explores potential treatments for chronic diseases and cancer." ScienceDaily. New research on chronic inflammation explores potential treatments for chronic diseases and cancer. "New research on chronic inflammation explores potential treatments for chronic diseases and cancer." ScienceDaily.
[143] From rare to more common: The emerging role of omics in improving ... — From rare to more common: The emerging role of omics in improving understanding and treatment of severe inflammatory and hyperinflammatory conditions. From rare to more common: The emerging role of omics in improving understanding and treatment of severe inflammatory and hyperinflammatory conditions. In medicine, hyperinflammation is defined as severe, deleterious, fluctuating, systemic or local inflammation with presence of a cytokine storm. However, advances in omics technologies, including genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, have revealed it to be more common, occurring in sepsis and severe COVID-19. We also discuss the integration of advanced technologies, multiomics approaches and artificial intelligence (AI), in analyzing complex datasets to develop targeted therapies, and their potential for revolutionizing clinical aspects of hyperinflammation. SCoPE-MS - Single-Cell Proteomics by Mass Spectrometry
[144] Editorial: Inflammation and chronic disease - PMC — Not only is inflammation the byproduct of chronic disease, it also has a mechanistic role in the underlying etiology and pharmacoprevention of diseases such as atherosclerosis (14).
[145] Chronic Inflammation - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf — Continuing Education Activity Chronic inflammation is also referred to as slow, long-term inflammation lasting several months to years. Chronic Inflammation Chronic inflammation is also referred to as slow, long-term inflammation lasting for prolonged periods of several months to years. Epidemiology Chronic inflammatory diseases are the most significant cause of death in the world. Thus the hallmarks of chronic inflammation are the infiltration of the primary inflammatory cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells in the tissue site, producing inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, enzymes and hence contributing to the progression of tissue damage and secondary repair including fibrosis and granuloma formation, etc. Complications Although chronic inflammation progresses silently, it is the cause of most chronic diseases and presents a major threat to the health and longevity of individuals.
[148] Dietary omega-3 fatty acids aid in the modulation of inflammation and ... — Abstract. This article focuses on the role of omega-3 fatty acids as precursors for lipid signaling molecules known as oxylipins. Although omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial in autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases and heart disease, they are generally underrepresented in the American diet.
[150] An update on the role of omega-3 fatty acids on inflammatory and ... — Inflammation is involved in the pathophysiology of many chronic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and neurodegenerative diseases. Several studies have evidenced important anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs). This rev …
[151] Modulation of inflammation and immunity by omega-3 fatty acids: a ... — Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties, while Omega-6 have pro-inflammatory effects, and the balance between the two is an important aspect of healthy nutrition. ... Modulation of inflammation and immunity by omega-3 fatty acids: a possible role for prevention and to halt disease progression in
[152] Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: from molecules ... - PubMed — Inflammation involves a multitude of cell types, chemical mediators and interactions. The present article will describe nutritional and metabolic aspects of omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids and explain the roles of bioactive members of those fatty acid families in inflammatory processes.
[180] Defending Against Disease with an Anti-Inflammation Lifestyle — Lifestyle Changes to Combat Inflammation Beyond diet, various lifestyle factors play a significant role in managing inflammation. Chronic stress, poor sleep, and a sedentary lifestyle can all contribute to increased inflammatory markers.
[182] 8 Habits That Could Help Manage Inflammation, Naturally — While it's important to speak to your doctor before making any major dietary or lifestyle changes, there are a few simple, and natural ways to manage inflammation daily. 1.Drink plenty of water. Dehydration can negatively impact every organ 2, including the brain, heart,
[183] Tips for Reducing Inflammation and Preventing Disease - Scripps Health — Chronic stress contributes to inflammation. Use meditation, yoga, biofeedback, guided imagery or some other method to manage stress throughout the day. "We may not be able to change many of the stressful situations we encounter in life, but we can change our response and perception by learning to manage stress better," Dr. Gray says.
[192] 23 Anti-Inflammatory Foods That Help Prevent Disease - Verywell Health — Certain foods are known for their ability to reduce inflammation and promote better health. Fatty fish like salmon and mackerel, rich in omega-3 fatty acids, are particularly effective.Almonds provide healthy monounsaturated fats and vitamin E, while blueberries are packed with antioxidants that help protect cells from damage.. To reduce inflammation quickly, focus on an anti-inflammatory diet
[193] Anti-Inflammatory Diet: What To Eat (and Avoid) — Zumpano explains the health benefits of an anti-inflammatory diet, as well as where to start, what to stop eating and how to tell if it’s working. “An anti-inflammatory diet is one that includes minimally processed foods,” Zumpano says. “The Mediterranean diet has been shown to be anti-inflammatory because of its focus on whole foods and omega-3 fatty acids,” Zumpano says. “Eating a plant-based diet can help suppress inflammation,” Zumpano says, “but vegetarian, pescatarian and even vegan diets can still include foods like potato chips, fries and cookies. “Finding the right anti-inflammatory diet for you is a matter of personalization and finding the foods that trigger your inflammation,” Zumpano explains.
[194] Foods that fight inflammation - Harvard Health — "Many experimental studies have shown that components of foods or beverages may have anti-inflammatory effects," says Dr. Frank Hu, professor of nutrition and epidemiology in the Department of Nutrition at the Harvard School of Public Health. Not surprisingly, the same foods on an inflammation diet are generally considered bad for our health, including sodas and refined carbohydrates, as well as red meat and processed meats. On the flip side are beverages and foods that reduce inflammation, and with it, chronic disease, says Dr. Hu. And you’ll find dozens of anti-inflammatory foods with added health benefits that include lowering cholesterol, reducing the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and of stroke, improving blood pressure, adding protection against heart disease, and even reducing pain and soreness after exercise.
[195] The Top 20 Anti-Inflammatory Foods You Should Eat — Top 20 anti-inflammatory foods list. Of course, you won't have much luck scanning the grocery aisles for "polyphenols" or "omega-3 fatty acids." Instead, search for whole foods that contain these nutrients. Most anti-inflammatory foods fall into six main categories: fruits, leafy greens and cruciferous vegetables, nuts and seeds
[196] Inflammatory cytokine - Wikipedia — An inflammatory cytokine or proinflammatory cytokine is a type of signaling molecule (a cytokine) that is secreted from immune cells like helper T cells ... Inflammatory cytokines play a role in initiating the inflammatory response and to regulate the host defence against pathogens mediating the innate immune response.
[198] Age and Age-Related Diseases: Role of Inflammation Triggers and Cytokines — Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Dysregulation ... As age increases and in age-related diseases, a chronic inflammatory state predominates, which is not properly contained or resolved and the anti-inflammatory side of the immune system seems to be similarly dysregulated, and unable to damp down the inflammatory episode in a
[208] Chronic inflammation towards cancer incidence: A systematic review and ... — In current society, chronic low-grade inflammation has an increasing prevalence due to unhealthy lifestyle and environment. Chronic inflammation is the central pathway in the majority of age-related diseases (Franceschi and Campisi, 2014).This chronic inflammation can also regulate carcinogenesis (both suppression and promotion) on the levels of tumor initiation, proliferation and progression
[209] Inflammation: A Driving Force of Autoimmune Disease — An abnormal inflammatory response is involved in the majority of acute and chronic conditions, with strong evidence linking chronic inflammation to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease (1,2,3).This includes multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.. Major questions remain as to exactly how the immune cells
[217] The Regulation of Inflammation by Innate and Adaptive Lymphocytes — Abstract. Inflammation plays an essential role in the control of pathogens and in shaping the ensuing adaptive immune responses. Traditionally, innate immunity has been described as a rapid response triggered through generic and nonspecific means that by definition lacks the ability to remember.
[218] The Role of Inflammation in Your Body - UNC Health Talk — The Role of Inflammation in Your Body. March 23, 2021 ... Inflammation is simply your immune system's response to an irritant—whether that is an infection such as a cold virus or an injury such as a sprained ankle, and just about everything in between. "Inflammation is your body's response to something," says Robert Hutchins, MD, MPH
[220] Immunity and Inflammation: From Jekyll to Hyde - PubMed — The immune system is the defense system of the host that protects it from foreign pathogens. Inflammation is one of the key processes that alert the immune system but when loss of regulation occurs, a long-term chronic inflammation settles and is likely to be detrimental to the host. Most age-relate …
[224] Resolving inflammation | Nature Reviews Immunology — The process of resolution involves the active clearance of the pathogenic stimulus, the catabolism of pro-inflammatory mediators and the induction of immune cell death and non-phlogistic removal
[225] Macrophage phenotypes and functions: resolving inflammation and ... — Inflammation must be tightly regulated to both defend against pathogens and restore tissue homeostasis. The resolution of inflammatory responses is a dynamic process orchestrated by cells of the immune system. Macrophages, tissue-resident innate immune cells, are key players in modulating inflammation. Here, we review recent work highlighting the importance of macrophages in tissue resolution
[226] Resolution of Acute Inflammation and the Role of Resolvins in Immunity ... — In response to injury or infection, the protective program of acute inflammation and its complete and timely resolution are critical for the restoration of tissue homeostasis. 10 This highly coordinated and synergistic program combines the distinct actions of multiple cell types to achieve pathogen eradication and subsequent tissue repair. The acute inflammatory response can be divided into 2
[227] Resolution of inflammation: an integrated view - EMBO Molecular Medicine — Inflammation is a pathophysiological response to infection or tissue damage. In order to neutralize the causing agent, the innate immune system launches a program that unfolds in several phases (Soehnlein & Lindbom, 2010).Initially, tissue‐resident cells of the innate immune system detect the damaging insult and alarm circulating neutrophils.
[235] Chronic Inflammation - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf — Continuing Education Activity Chronic inflammation is also referred to as slow, long-term inflammation lasting several months to years. Chronic Inflammation Chronic inflammation is also referred to as slow, long-term inflammation lasting for prolonged periods of several months to years. Epidemiology Chronic inflammatory diseases are the most significant cause of death in the world. Thus the hallmarks of chronic inflammation are the infiltration of the primary inflammatory cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells in the tissue site, producing inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, enzymes and hence contributing to the progression of tissue damage and secondary repair including fibrosis and granuloma formation, etc. Complications Although chronic inflammation progresses silently, it is the cause of most chronic diseases and presents a major threat to the health and longevity of individuals.
[243] Exploring precision treatments in immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases ... — Increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-10) from macrophages can suppress the inflammatory response, aiding in the regulation of immune system overactivity. In a study conducted by Jain et al., non-aggregated alginate-based NPs were designed to selectively target macrophages for the delivery of plasmid encoding IL-10
[244] Scientists Identify New Driver of Inflammation Implicated in Autoimmune ... — Now, more than 100 years after the complement system was first described, Harvard Medical School researchers at Brigham and Women’s Hospital have discovered a novel mechanism by which this critical defense system can misfire and turn against the body’s own tissues — a protein called granzyme K (GZMK), whose role up until now had remained unclear. “Our discovery of a new way of activating the complement system, driven by an enzyme produced by cells that are abundant in inflamed tissues, has important clinical implications,” said study lead author Carlos Donado, HMS instructor in medicine and a postdoctoral fellow in the Brenner lab in the Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity at Brigham and Women’s.
[247] The role of inflammation in autoimmune disease: a therapeutic target — The occurrence of AIDs is often accompanied by the emergence of inflammation, and inflammatory mediators (inflammatory factors, inflammasomes) play an important role in the pathogenesis of AIDs, which mediate the immune process by affecting innate cells (such as macrophages) and adaptive cells (such as T and B cells), and ultimately promote the occurrence of autoimmune responses, so targeting inflammatory mediators/pathways is one of emerging the treatment strategies of AIDs. This review will briefly describe the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of different AIDs, and give a rough introduction to inhibitors targeting inflammatory factors, hoping to have reference significance for subsequent treatment options for AIDs. Keywords: B cells; T cells; autoimmunity; inflammation; pro-inflammatory factors.
[248] Regulation of Inflammation in Autoimmune Disease - PMC — This special issue showcases a number of original research articles and review papers on the topic of inflammatory regulation in autoimmune diseases. Recent compelling evidence has shown that abnormal T cell immune response, including Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell responses, was actually having a crucial role in the inflammation of autoimmune diseases . Regulatory B cells (Bregs) were increasingly gaining attention for restraining inflammation through suppressing the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 immune responses in the development of autoimmune diseases . Collectively, all research and review articles in this special issue covers many important aspects in the area of inflammatory regulation in autoimmune diseases, which would provide some new ideas for diagnosis and treatment in these diseases.
[257] Inflammation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics — Much as with inflammation, these alterations have demonstrated roles in numerous conditions including gastrointestinal, thyroid and other cancers, 107-110 psychiatric conditions, 111 rheumatologic diseases, 112 hypertension, cardiovascular disease, 113, 114 and other age-related diseases such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. 115
[258] Pathology, Inflammation - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf — Prolonged exposure to toxic agents, whether exogenous, such as particulate silica causing silicosis, or endogenous, such as excessive cholesterol and lipids contributing to atherosclerosis, can also induce chronic inflammation. In addition, chronic inflammation occurs in diseases not typically viewed as inflammatory disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers, where inflammatory processes promote tumor development. Elevated CRP levels are linked with a shorter survival time for most solid tumors. Aging is a major risk factor for cancer, and systemic, sterile (non-infection-caused), age-related chronic inflammation—termed inflamm-aging or inflammaging—is an underlying etiological connection. CRP and other inflammatory biomarkers increase with age. Role of C-Reactive Protein at Sites of Inflammation and Infection. C-reactive protein, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease: clinical update. Role of High-Sensitivity C-reactive Protein (Hs-CRP) in Non-communicable Diseases: A Review.
[259] Chronic Inflammation - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf — Continuing Education Activity Chronic inflammation is also referred to as slow, long-term inflammation lasting several months to years. Chronic Inflammation Chronic inflammation is also referred to as slow, long-term inflammation lasting for prolonged periods of several months to years. Epidemiology Chronic inflammatory diseases are the most significant cause of death in the world. Thus the hallmarks of chronic inflammation are the infiltration of the primary inflammatory cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells in the tissue site, producing inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, enzymes and hence contributing to the progression of tissue damage and secondary repair including fibrosis and granuloma formation, etc. Complications Although chronic inflammation progresses silently, it is the cause of most chronic diseases and presents a major threat to the health and longevity of individuals.
[260] Inflammation: The Cause of All Diseases - PMC — The chemicals in cigarette smoking stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduce anti-inflammatory cytokines, contributing to chronic inflammation and leading to diseases such as cancer, chronic lung disorders, and vascular diseases . Obesity leads to chronic low-grade inflammation, driven by pro-inflammatory immune cell activation and cytokine production, which contribute to insulin resistance and related diseases . , genomic biomarkers were identified that are linked to high degranulation responses in primary human mast cells from 262 donors, suggesting that chronic inflammation, mediated by mast cell activation, can contribute to disease processes related to allergic responses. 28.Burini R.C., Anderson E., Durstine J.L., Carson J.A. Inflammation, physical activity, and chronic disease: An evolutionary perspective.
[266] Inflammation's Surprising Role in Mental Health | Psychiatry Redefined — New research continues to reveal a powerful link between chronic inflammation and mental health problems. A recent meta-analysis linked depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder with higher levels of inflammation (Kuring 2023). In the study, the type of inflammatory response varied based on the diagnosis, yet all three diagnoses still showed significant associations. Other
[267] Long-term inflammation increases risk of common mental disorder: a ... — The inflammation hypothesis of depression, or more broadly, common mental disorders, proposes that chronic inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of these conditions. 1, 2 The hypothesis is supported by experiments of inflammatory stimuli, antidepressant trials and studies on depression-related genes and pathogen host
[268] The Neglected Link Between Inflammation and Mental Health — The Neglected Link Between Inflammation and Mental Health | Psychology Today Chronic inflammation significantly contributes to mental health issues like depression and cognitive decline. Anti-inflammatory foods can help reduce inflammation levels and potentially alleviate symptoms of depression. Improving food choices can reduce inflammation, which science has shown to be associated with mental health issues like depression and cognitive decline. Inflammation is now recognized as a major factor in depression, cognitive decline, and other mental health issues. Reducing inflammation through diet and lifestyle changes is a powerful way to improve both mental and physical well-being. By making informed food choices, incorporating anti-inflammatory foods, and adopting healthy lifestyle practices, you can significantly lower your risk of inflammation-related health issues.
[269] Chronic Inflammation's Impact on Mental Health: A Deep Dive into the ... — Persistent inflammation can disrupt brain chemistry, alter neurotransmitter function, and impact mood regulation, potentially contributing to the development or exacerbation of conditions like depression and anxiety. Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been associated with depressive symptoms and other mood disorders. Chronic inflammation has profound effects on mental health, influencing mood disorders, depressive symptoms, and anxiety. Chronic inflammation may contribute to neurotransmitter imbalances and alterations in brain structure, potentially driving mood disorder symptoms. Chronic inflammation in these metabolic disorders may also affect brain function and mood regulation. Anti-inflammatory drugs and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) play crucial roles in managing inflammation-related mood disorders. Anti-inflammatory agents and immune modulators show promise in alleviating symptoms and improving treatment outcomes for some patients with mood disorders.