To cope with the growing demand for transportation on the railway system, accurate, robust, and high-frequency positioning is required to enable a safe and efficient utilization of the existing railway infrastructure. As a basis for a localization system we propose a complete on-board mapping pipeline able to map robust meaningful landmarks, such as poles from power lines, in the vicinity of the vehicle. Such poles are good candidates for reliable and long term landmarks even through difficult weather conditions or seasonal changes. To address the challenges of motion blur and illumination changes in railway scenarios we employ a Dynamic Vision Sensor, a novel event-based camera. Using a sideways oriented on-board camera, poles appear as vertical lines. To map such lines in a real-time event stream, we introduce Hough ² Map, a novel consecutive iterative event-based Hough transform framework capable of detecting, tracking, and triangulating close-by structures. We demonstrate the mapping reliability and accuracy of Hough ² Map on real-world data in typical usage scenarios and evaluate using surveyed infrastructure ground truth maps. Hough ² Map achieves a detection reliability of up to $92\,\%$ and a mapping root mean square error accuracy of 1.1518 m. ¹ ¹ The code is available at https://github.com/ethz-asl/Hough2Map.

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