Multifunctional Spirogyra-hyalina-Mediated Barium Oxide Nanoparticles (BaONPs): Synthesis and Applications

Abstract

This research aims to biosynthesize Barium oxide nanoparticles (BaONPs) for biomedical applications, using <i>Spirogyra hyalina</i> as a stabilizing and reducing agent. UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to physiochemically characterize the barium oxide nanoparticles, while antibacterial, minimum inhibitory concentration, antifungal, free radicle scavenging, and anti-inflammatory assay were performed to assess the therapeutic potential of the synthesized BaONPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed bands at 615 and 692 cm^-1 that corresponded to the formation of BaONPs. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the spherical and flower-shaped morphology of BaONPs having an average diameter of 64.01 ± 2.0 nm. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial growth was halted by the barium nanoparticles, demonstrating their efficacy up to 19.12 ± 0.31 mm against <i>E. coli</i>, 18.83 ± 0.44 mm against <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, 17.31 ± 0.59 mm against <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, 16.56 ± 0.37 mm against <i>S. aureus</i>, and 15.75 ± 0.38 mm against <i>S. epidermidis</i>, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 9.0, 6.3, 5.5, 4.5, and 2.0 µg/mL for <i>S. aureus</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>S. epidermidis</i>, <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, and <i>E. coli</i>, respectively. BaONPs were not that effective against fungal strains such as <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i>, <i>Fusarium solani</i>, and <i>Fusarium proliferatum</i>. The BaONPs exhibited potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity through inhibiting cyclooxygenases type 1 (43.12 ± 1.21%) and 2 (41.23 ± 1.56%), and DPPH free radicles up to 43.52 ± 0.29% at 400 µg/mL. In conclusion, the biomolecules derived from <i>Spirogyra hyalina</i> have demonstrated remarkable ability to generate stable nanoparticles, offering promising prospects for their utilization as therapeutic agents and coating materials in various biomedical applications.