Spin Hall effect driven by the spin magnetic moment current in Dirac materials

Abstract

The spin Hall effect of a Dirac Hamiltonian system is studied using semiclassical analyses and the Kubo formula. In this system, the spin Hall conductivity is dependent on the definition of spin current. All components of the spin Hall conductivity vanish when spin current is defined as the flow of the spin angular momentum. In contrast, the off-diagonal components of the spin Hall conductivity are nonzero and scale with the carrier velocity (and the effective $g$ factor) when spin current consists of the flow of spin magnetic moment. We derive the analytical formula of the conductivity, carrier mobility, and the spin Hall conductivity to compare with experiments. In experiments, we use Bi as a model system that can be characterized by the Dirac Hamiltonian. Te and Sn are doped into Bi to vary the electron and hole concentration, respectively. We find the spin Hall conductivity $({\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{SH}})$ takes a maximum near the Dirac point and decreases with increasing carrier density $(n)$. The sign of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{SH}}$ is the same regardless of the majority carrier type. The spin Hall mobility, proportional to ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{SH}}/n$, increases with increasing carrier mobility with a scaling coefficient of $\ensuremath{\sim}$1.4. These features can be accounted for quantitatively using the derived analytical formula. The results demonstrate that the giant spin magnetic moment, with an effective $g$ factor that approaches 100, is responsible for the spin Hall effect in Bi.