Combined immune checkpoint blockade increases CD8+CD28+PD-1+ effector T cells and provides a therapeutic strategy for patients with neuroblastoma

Abstract

) in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Adding chemotherapy before immunotherapy provided significant survival benefit for mice with established tumors receiving anti-PD-1 or dual immune checkpoint blockade. Our findings demonstrate anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapy induces a novel subset of effector T cells, and support administration of induction chemotherapy immediately prior to immune checkpoint blockade in children with high-risk neuroblastoma.